Extracts from the page 177 and 178 of the book "Crime and Punishment in Islamic Law: Theory and Practice from the Sixteenth Century" By Rudolph Peters:
http://legalportal.am/download/library/p16v8rklpq19vo3pn1vh3ugb1cbe3.pdf
"In
classical Shari'a
criminal law men and women are treated differently with regard to
evidence and bloodmoney. The testimony of a man has twice the
strength of that of a woman. Instead of the testimonies of two male
witnesses required for conclusive evidence, the testimonies of one
man and two women or the testimonies of four women may be used in
court. However, with regard to hadd offences and retaliation, the
testimonies of female witnesses are not admitted at all. These rules
are now included in most recent Shari'a codes. A further rule that puts women
in an inferior legal position is the Malikite rule, adopted in the
Sudan and Northern Nigeria, that pregnancy of an unmarried woman is
regarded as conclusive proof of unlawful sexual intercourse. A final
point of gender discrimination with regard to evidence is the way law
enforcers deal with women who report rape. In some countries, such a
report is regarded as confession to unlawful sexual intercourse. In
order not to be punished, the woman must show that she did not give
her consent. Moreover, if she names her attacker and cannot
establish, according to the strict rules of the Shari'a, that he has had intercourse with
her, she is liable to the fixed punishment for defamation (qadhf
).
The
second domain in which women are legally discriminated against is the
law of homicide and wounding. Under classical Islamic law, the
bloodprice of a woman is half that of a man. Most Shari'a
penal codes are silent on the issue and specify only the bloodprice
of a Muslim man, implying by the use of the words ‘Muslim man’
that the bloodprice for women and non-Muslims is different. The
Sudanese Penal Code (both the 1983 and 1991 codes) defines the upper
limit of the bloodprice without reference to a Muslim male, which
probably implies that no distinction is made between men and women.
Only the Iranian code explicitly lays down that a woman’s
bloodprice is only half that of a man. Moreover, in Iran the Shiite
doctrine is applied that if the killer’s bloodprice is of a higher
value than the victim’s, retaliation is conditional on the payment
of the difference by the victim’s heirs to the killer’s heirs.
Thus, if a woman is killed by a man, her heirs can only demand
retaliation if they are willing to pay half the value of the full
bloodprice to the heirs of the killer (art. 258 Iranian Penal Code).
A final form of gender discrimination is found in article 630 of the
same code. This section expressly allows a husband to kill his wife
and her lover, if he catches them in
flagrante. There is no provision in
the Iranian Penal Code granting the wife the same right with regard
to her husband."
https://twitter.com/JoumanaGebara/status/816043651465957376
https://twitter.com/JoumanaGebara/status/816052018435551232
Even in stoning #Islam #Iran does NOT give women equal rights she must be buried till her chest,she cant escape while man only till his hips
http://www.files.shiamultimedia.com/data/02-nahjulbalagah/trasnlations/Nahjul%20Balagah%20-%20English.pdf
Nahjul Balagha (Sermon 79)
After the Battle of Jamal,(1) Concerning Women and Their Short comings. O' ye peoples! Women are deficient in Faith, deficient in shares and deficient in intelligence. As regards the deficiency in their Faith, it is their abstention from prayers and fasting during their menstrual period. As regards deficiency in their intelligence it is because the evidence of two women is equal to that of one man. As for the deficiency of their shares that is because of their share in inheritance being half of men. So beware of the evils of women. Be on your guard even from those of them who are (reportedly) good. Do not obey them even in good things so that they may not attract you to evils.
http://hubeali.com/books/English-Books/IllalAlSharaie/ILLAL%20AL%20SHARAIE%20-%20V%202%20P%207.pdf
Chapter 288 – The reason due to which (men) been Forbidden from obeying the women
'Group of the people! Do not obey the women upon (any) situation, and do not make them trustees upon wealth, and do not make them as viziers for the management of the dependants, for if they are left upon that they would revolve the affairs to the destruction, and disobey the orders of the Master, for we have found them that there is no piety for them during their (own personal) needs, nor any patience for them during their desires.
Luxury is a necessity for them even if they are old, and the self-conceitedness is a certainty for them even if they are frustrated. Their pleasure lies in their private parts. They are not grateful for the abundance. Whenever they are prevented from the little, they would forget the goodness and remember the evil, they snap with the slanders and are deliberately tyrannous, and are haunted by the Satan. Therefore, dwell upon every situation, and talk good with them, perhaps their deeds would be good’.14
https://www.hrw.org/report/2017/05/24/its-mens-club/discrimination-against-women-irans-job-market
Although women comprise over 50 percent of university graduates, their participation in the labor force is only 17 percent. The 2015 Global Gender Gap report, produced by the World Economic Forum, ranks Iran among the last five countries (141 out of 145) for gender equality, including equality in economic participation.
http://www.zibamirhosseini.com/documents/mir-hosseini-book-chapter-sexuality-rights-islam-2007.pdf
Imam Baqir said: God has not intended ghairat for women but for men, because for men He has made licit four permanent wives and slave girls but for women only one husband. If a woman shows affection for another man, s he is considered zinakar (fornicator) in the eyes of God. Women who show ghairat (when their husbands are polygynous) are those who are faithless, not those who believe in the rules of God (Marriage in Islam, p. 100).
In another hadith, he said: Women’s ghairat is in reality jealousy and jealousy is the root of heresy; when a woman’s ghairat is aroused, she becomes angry, and when she becomes angry she tends toward heresy. Of course, such women are not Muslim (Marriage in Islam, p. 101).
While a theory of difference in men and women’s sexuality finds support in the Sayings of Shi‘a Imams, control over women’s sexuality finds its legitimacy in the fuqaha’s conception of marriage.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1TBJbQ9nBN4
Tahir-ul-Qadri: Female leadership is disapproved/condemned but not forbidden under Sharia.
https://tavaana.org/sites/default/files/Womens_Rights_Commentary_389929723.pdf
Gender inequality and discrimination: The Case of Iranian Women IHRDC Legal Commentary By Mohammad H. Nayyeri
https://www.amnesty.org/download/Documents/MDE1311112015ENGLISH.pdf
http://www.refworld.org/docid/5502a9784.html
Amnesty International's report on women's rights in Iran (March 2015): Article 1117 of Iran’s Civil Code entitles men to prevent their wives from taking employment if it is deemed “incompatible with the interests of the family or with his or his wife’s dignity.” The Policies of the Islamic Republic of Iran on Women’s Employment, adopted by the SCCR in 1992, defines “a woman’s role in the family as her main job” and provides that “the necessity of her active and influential engagement in the holy institution [of family]” shall underlie the policies of the Islamic Republic of Iran on women’s employment.
.....
In July 2014, Minister of Justice Mostafa Pour-Mohammadi stated that “segregating the workspaces of men and women can increase productivity” and “is more compatible with our values and traditions.” A month later, the Head of the Public Buildings Office of the Police announced that women must not be employed in coffee shops or traditional Iranian restaurants except in kitchens, out of public view. Between January and October 2014, the authorities introduced bans on women musicians from appearing on stage in at least 13 of Iran’s 31 provinces.
....
Iran’s civil laws deny women equal rights with men, including with respect to marriage, divorce, child custody and inheritance. The revised Penal Code, which came into effect in May 2013, assigns women a subordinate status relative to men. For example, it instructs courts to value the testimony of a woman at half that of a man in legal proceedings, and sets the amount of diyah to be paid as reparation for criminally causing the death of a woman at half that payable for causing the death of a man (Article 550). Article 147 sets the age of criminal responsibility lower for girls than for boys, the former at nine lunar years (8.7 solar years), the latter at 15 lunar years (14.6 solar years). The law fails to criminalize marital rape, and entitles men to engage in sexual conduct with their wife without her consent. Adultery while married carries a sentence of death by stoning (Article 225), a penalty that appears to be disproportionately imposed on women. “Lesbianism” (mosaheqeh), which is defined as an act where a “woman places her sexual organs on the sexual organs of [another woman]”, is punishable by 100 lashes (Articles 237 and 239).
Under Iran’s Civil Code, the legal age of marriage for girls is 13 years (Article 1041) but girls under this age can be also married to a person chosen by their father or paternal grandfather provided that there is a court permission. According to the Annual Statistical Report of the National Organization for Civil Registration, 39609 girls between the ages of 10 and 14 and 220 girls under the age of 10 married between March 2011 and 2012. However, different figures are reported by the Annual Statistical Report of Ardebil province which notes that 1,411 girls below the age of 10 married just in that province alone between March 2011 and 2012, suggesting that the real numbers of early and forced marriages may be much higher.
....
Under the Penal Code, men who assault or even kill their wives are excluded from the punishments ordinarily applied to such crimes if they prove that they did so while their wife was involved in an act of adultery (Article 630).
....
Under Iran’s Civil Code, men can divorce their wives without reason, although certain conditions apply, such as paying alimony (Article 1133). Men also have the exclusive right to have at least two permanent wives in polygamous marriages and as many wives as they wish in “temporary” (sigheh) marriages (Articles 1075-1077).
A woman who seeks divorce must prove that she is living in conditions of severe hardship that make the continuation of marital life intolerable. Examples of such hardship include addiction of the husband to drugs or alcohol or being subjected to domestic violence (Article 1130). The legal system’s discrimination and bias against women’s rights, including a ban on women judges, have often prevented women from obtaining divorce, even if they are subjected to domestic violence or meet the other requirements of the Civil Code. The Special Rapporteur on violence against women, its causes and consequences noted in her 2005 visit to Iran that difficulty in obtaining a divorce, lack of legal protection for women victims of violence, lack of shelters, child custody laws that favour the father and pervasive gender discrimination throughout society were linked to some of the cases of female self-immolation in the country.
.........
Fathers or paternal grandfathers who kill their children or grandchildren are not subject to proportional punishments (Article 301), which may exacerbate the risk of “honour crimes” against girls and women.
Iran has yet to adopt specific legislation on domestic violence. Currently, women must file a complaint of domestic violence under the provisions of the Penal Code relating to bodily assault, and meet a range of evidentiary requirements. These include the presence of two adult male witnesses to the assault, which makes domestic violence difficult if not impossible to prove (Articles 160-200). Even if such claims are proven, the sentence will typically be the payment of diyah , which will be granted only upon the request of the victim (Article 401). In some cases, an additional punishment of two to five years in prison may be imposed if the offence is found to have disrupted public order or the security of society and raised fears that the offender or others may again commit assault (Article 614).
....
Discriminatory provisions exposing women to violence extend beyond the Islamic Penal Code. According to the Civil Code, the husband is the head of the family (Article 1105) and consequently a woman is obliged to obey her husband. If a woman refuses to comply with the “duties of marriage” without a legitimate reason, she is not entitled to spousal maintenance (Article 1108). Refusal to “submit” (tamkin) can include a wide range of conduct such as “refusal to have sex” and “going out of the house without permission”. Moreover, under the Civil Code, men have the exclusive right to determine their wives’ place of residence (Article 1114). A wife will be considered “disobedient” (nashezeh) and not entitled to alimony if she leaves her husband’s place of residence (Articles 1005 and 1108) . A woman can be given permission to leave the marital house only if she can prove to a court of law a risk to her body or “honour”. A woman denied such permission risks finding herself with no choice but to endure domestic violence or lose her right to alimony. Other hurdles include, as observed by the Special Rapporteur on violence against women, its causes and consequences, fear of shame and being ostracized, lack of crisis centres and emergency shelters, and lack of long-term support through employment and housing for women trapped in abusive situations."
https://books.google.com.pk/books?id=rwYmAgAAQBAJ&pg=PT244&lpg=PT244#v=onepage&q&f=false
Opposition to women's suffrage in Iran (1953). Extract from page 244 of the book "Sexual Politics in Modern Iran" by Janet Afary
https://twitter.com/Ahura3/status/626845548595834880
October 9th,1962 Maniac Ayatollah Khomeini wrote a letter 2 Shah of #Iran asking him 2 ban women from voting #ايران
http://www.frontpagemag.com/fpm/264622/45-weird-bans-women-iran-dr-majid-rafizadeh
45 weird bans on women in Iran
https://iranwire.com/en/features/4630
An actual marja is always a man. But if a woman successfully completes three five-year courses of study at a seminary, she can be her own, and only her own, marja.
...
The Seminaries’ High Council set the policies for these seminaries. According to the council’s website, they are tasked with teaching students that — among other priorities — they must marry “on time” and be a “worthy wife” and a “caring mother.” The website also emphasizes that the seminary education, in terms of both the content and the duration, are designed in a way that does not interfere with those priorities. In other words, it should never be a woman seminarian’s priority to become a great philosopher or an Islamic jurist, or even an accomplished teacher.
http://www.iranhrdc.org/english/publications/reports/3007-silencing-the-women-s-rights-movement-in-iran.html?p=6
Upon taking control in 1979, the newly-established Islamic Republic wasted no time in reversing progress. On February 26, 1979, Ayatollah Khomeini suspended the FPL as un-Islamic and disbanded the Family Courts.28 The legal marriageable age of women reverted back to nine. On March 3, he prohibited women from serving as judges, and on March 4 announced that women could no longer initiate divorce proceedings. Two days later, women were prohibited from serving in the army.29 On March 7, on the eve of International Women's Day, Khomenei decreed that women could work outside the home but that government-employed women should wear hejab30 to work. On March 9, women were banned from participating in sports.31
=====================
Rape: laws and attitudes
http://dissenter-rationalist.blogspot.co.uk/2016/11/rape-laws-and-attitudes.html
================
https://twitter.com/JoumanaGebara/status/816043651465957376
https://twitter.com/JoumanaGebara/status/816052018435551232
Even in stoning #Islam #Iran does NOT give women equal rights she must be buried till her chest,she cant escape while man only till his hips
http://www.files.shiamultimedia.com/data/02-nahjulbalagah/trasnlations/Nahjul%20Balagah%20-%20English.pdf
Nahjul Balagha (Sermon 79)
After the Battle of Jamal,(1) Concerning Women and Their Short comings. O' ye peoples! Women are deficient in Faith, deficient in shares and deficient in intelligence. As regards the deficiency in their Faith, it is their abstention from prayers and fasting during their menstrual period. As regards deficiency in their intelligence it is because the evidence of two women is equal to that of one man. As for the deficiency of their shares that is because of their share in inheritance being half of men. So beware of the evils of women. Be on your guard even from those of them who are (reportedly) good. Do not obey them even in good things so that they may not attract you to evils.
http://hubeali.com/books/English-Books/IllalAlSharaie/ILLAL%20AL%20SHARAIE%20-%20V%202%20P%207.pdf
Chapter 288 – The reason due to which (men) been Forbidden from obeying the women
'Group of the people! Do not obey the women upon (any) situation, and do not make them trustees upon wealth, and do not make them as viziers for the management of the dependants, for if they are left upon that they would revolve the affairs to the destruction, and disobey the orders of the Master, for we have found them that there is no piety for them during their (own personal) needs, nor any patience for them during their desires.
Luxury is a necessity for them even if they are old, and the self-conceitedness is a certainty for them even if they are frustrated. Their pleasure lies in their private parts. They are not grateful for the abundance. Whenever they are prevented from the little, they would forget the goodness and remember the evil, they snap with the slanders and are deliberately tyrannous, and are haunted by the Satan. Therefore, dwell upon every situation, and talk good with them, perhaps their deeds would be good’.14
https://www.hrw.org/report/2017/05/24/its-mens-club/discrimination-against-women-irans-job-market
Although women comprise over 50 percent of university graduates, their participation in the labor force is only 17 percent. The 2015 Global Gender Gap report, produced by the World Economic Forum, ranks Iran among the last five countries (141 out of 145) for gender equality, including equality in economic participation.
http://www.zibamirhosseini.com/documents/mir-hosseini-book-chapter-sexuality-rights-islam-2007.pdf
Imam Baqir said: God has not intended ghairat for women but for men, because for men He has made licit four permanent wives and slave girls but for women only one husband. If a woman shows affection for another man, s he is considered zinakar (fornicator) in the eyes of God. Women who show ghairat (when their husbands are polygynous) are those who are faithless, not those who believe in the rules of God (Marriage in Islam, p. 100).
In another hadith, he said: Women’s ghairat is in reality jealousy and jealousy is the root of heresy; when a woman’s ghairat is aroused, she becomes angry, and when she becomes angry she tends toward heresy. Of course, such women are not Muslim (Marriage in Islam, p. 101).
While a theory of difference in men and women’s sexuality finds support in the Sayings of Shi‘a Imams, control over women’s sexuality finds its legitimacy in the fuqaha’s conception of marriage.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1TBJbQ9nBN4
Tahir-ul-Qadri: Female leadership is disapproved/condemned but not forbidden under Sharia.
https://tavaana.org/sites/default/files/Womens_Rights_Commentary_389929723.pdf
Gender inequality and discrimination: The Case of Iranian Women IHRDC Legal Commentary By Mohammad H. Nayyeri
https://www.amnesty.org/download/Documents/MDE1311112015ENGLISH.pdf
http://www.refworld.org/docid/5502a9784.html
Amnesty International's report on women's rights in Iran (March 2015): Article 1117 of Iran’s Civil Code entitles men to prevent their wives from taking employment if it is deemed “incompatible with the interests of the family or with his or his wife’s dignity.” The Policies of the Islamic Republic of Iran on Women’s Employment, adopted by the SCCR in 1992, defines “a woman’s role in the family as her main job” and provides that “the necessity of her active and influential engagement in the holy institution [of family]” shall underlie the policies of the Islamic Republic of Iran on women’s employment.
.....
In July 2014, Minister of Justice Mostafa Pour-Mohammadi stated that “segregating the workspaces of men and women can increase productivity” and “is more compatible with our values and traditions.” A month later, the Head of the Public Buildings Office of the Police announced that women must not be employed in coffee shops or traditional Iranian restaurants except in kitchens, out of public view. Between January and October 2014, the authorities introduced bans on women musicians from appearing on stage in at least 13 of Iran’s 31 provinces.
....
Iran’s civil laws deny women equal rights with men, including with respect to marriage, divorce, child custody and inheritance. The revised Penal Code, which came into effect in May 2013, assigns women a subordinate status relative to men. For example, it instructs courts to value the testimony of a woman at half that of a man in legal proceedings, and sets the amount of diyah to be paid as reparation for criminally causing the death of a woman at half that payable for causing the death of a man (Article 550). Article 147 sets the age of criminal responsibility lower for girls than for boys, the former at nine lunar years (8.7 solar years), the latter at 15 lunar years (14.6 solar years). The law fails to criminalize marital rape, and entitles men to engage in sexual conduct with their wife without her consent. Adultery while married carries a sentence of death by stoning (Article 225), a penalty that appears to be disproportionately imposed on women. “Lesbianism” (mosaheqeh), which is defined as an act where a “woman places her sexual organs on the sexual organs of [another woman]”, is punishable by 100 lashes (Articles 237 and 239).
Under Iran’s Civil Code, the legal age of marriage for girls is 13 years (Article 1041) but girls under this age can be also married to a person chosen by their father or paternal grandfather provided that there is a court permission. According to the Annual Statistical Report of the National Organization for Civil Registration, 39609 girls between the ages of 10 and 14 and 220 girls under the age of 10 married between March 2011 and 2012. However, different figures are reported by the Annual Statistical Report of Ardebil province which notes that 1,411 girls below the age of 10 married just in that province alone between March 2011 and 2012, suggesting that the real numbers of early and forced marriages may be much higher.
....
Under the Penal Code, men who assault or even kill their wives are excluded from the punishments ordinarily applied to such crimes if they prove that they did so while their wife was involved in an act of adultery (Article 630).
....
Under Iran’s Civil Code, men can divorce their wives without reason, although certain conditions apply, such as paying alimony (Article 1133). Men also have the exclusive right to have at least two permanent wives in polygamous marriages and as many wives as they wish in “temporary” (sigheh) marriages (Articles 1075-1077).
A woman who seeks divorce must prove that she is living in conditions of severe hardship that make the continuation of marital life intolerable. Examples of such hardship include addiction of the husband to drugs or alcohol or being subjected to domestic violence (Article 1130). The legal system’s discrimination and bias against women’s rights, including a ban on women judges, have often prevented women from obtaining divorce, even if they are subjected to domestic violence or meet the other requirements of the Civil Code. The Special Rapporteur on violence against women, its causes and consequences noted in her 2005 visit to Iran that difficulty in obtaining a divorce, lack of legal protection for women victims of violence, lack of shelters, child custody laws that favour the father and pervasive gender discrimination throughout society were linked to some of the cases of female self-immolation in the country.
.........
Fathers or paternal grandfathers who kill their children or grandchildren are not subject to proportional punishments (Article 301), which may exacerbate the risk of “honour crimes” against girls and women.
Iran has yet to adopt specific legislation on domestic violence. Currently, women must file a complaint of domestic violence under the provisions of the Penal Code relating to bodily assault, and meet a range of evidentiary requirements. These include the presence of two adult male witnesses to the assault, which makes domestic violence difficult if not impossible to prove (Articles 160-200). Even if such claims are proven, the sentence will typically be the payment of diyah , which will be granted only upon the request of the victim (Article 401). In some cases, an additional punishment of two to five years in prison may be imposed if the offence is found to have disrupted public order or the security of society and raised fears that the offender or others may again commit assault (Article 614).
....
Discriminatory provisions exposing women to violence extend beyond the Islamic Penal Code. According to the Civil Code, the husband is the head of the family (Article 1105) and consequently a woman is obliged to obey her husband. If a woman refuses to comply with the “duties of marriage” without a legitimate reason, she is not entitled to spousal maintenance (Article 1108). Refusal to “submit” (tamkin) can include a wide range of conduct such as “refusal to have sex” and “going out of the house without permission”. Moreover, under the Civil Code, men have the exclusive right to determine their wives’ place of residence (Article 1114). A wife will be considered “disobedient” (nashezeh) and not entitled to alimony if she leaves her husband’s place of residence (Articles 1005 and 1108) . A woman can be given permission to leave the marital house only if she can prove to a court of law a risk to her body or “honour”. A woman denied such permission risks finding herself with no choice but to endure domestic violence or lose her right to alimony. Other hurdles include, as observed by the Special Rapporteur on violence against women, its causes and consequences, fear of shame and being ostracized, lack of crisis centres and emergency shelters, and lack of long-term support through employment and housing for women trapped in abusive situations."
https://books.google.com.pk/books?id=rwYmAgAAQBAJ&pg=PT244&lpg=PT244#v=onepage&q&f=false
Opposition to women's suffrage in Iran (1953). Extract from page 244 of the book "Sexual Politics in Modern Iran" by Janet Afary
https://twitter.com/Ahura3/status/626845548595834880
October 9th,1962 Maniac Ayatollah Khomeini wrote a letter 2 Shah of #Iran asking him 2 ban women from voting #ايران
http://www.frontpagemag.com/fpm/264622/45-weird-bans-women-iran-dr-majid-rafizadeh
45 weird bans on women in Iran
https://iranwire.com/en/features/4630
An actual marja is always a man. But if a woman successfully completes three five-year courses of study at a seminary, she can be her own, and only her own, marja.
...
The Seminaries’ High Council set the policies for these seminaries. According to the council’s website, they are tasked with teaching students that — among other priorities — they must marry “on time” and be a “worthy wife” and a “caring mother.” The website also emphasizes that the seminary education, in terms of both the content and the duration, are designed in a way that does not interfere with those priorities. In other words, it should never be a woman seminarian’s priority to become a great philosopher or an Islamic jurist, or even an accomplished teacher.
http://www.iranhrdc.org/english/publications/reports/3007-silencing-the-women-s-rights-movement-in-iran.html?p=6
Upon taking control in 1979, the newly-established Islamic Republic wasted no time in reversing progress. On February 26, 1979, Ayatollah Khomeini suspended the FPL as un-Islamic and disbanded the Family Courts.28 The legal marriageable age of women reverted back to nine. On March 3, he prohibited women from serving as judges, and on March 4 announced that women could no longer initiate divorce proceedings. Two days later, women were prohibited from serving in the army.29 On March 7, on the eve of International Women's Day, Khomenei decreed that women could work outside the home but that government-employed women should wear hejab30 to work. On March 9, women were banned from participating in sports.31
Iranians responded immediately to
these curbs on women's rights with massive demonstrations and sit-ins.
The International Women's Day celebrations that had been planned for
March 8 at Tehran University attracted women and men demanding reversal
of Khomeini's hejab ruling. The demonstrations calling for
preservation of women's rights continued for five days in cities
throughout Iran. On March 10, 15,000 women held a sit-in at the
Ministry of Justice in Tehran.32
Demonstrators were attacked and beaten
by conservative men and women who supported the new regime's
policies. Some women activists were identified by the new regime and
later lost their jobs because of their "anti-revolutionary" actions.33 Others made the difficult choice of foregoing public protest in an effort to keep their jobs." 34
=====================
Rape: laws and attitudes
http://dissenter-rationalist.blogspot.co.uk/2016/11/rape-laws-and-attitudes.html
================
How Iran's Laws Discriminate Against Womens Laws
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IXP8AXpPIuA
How Iranian women fought back against discriminatory laws
http://www.dawn.com/news/1234310/ciis-unhealthy-obsession
The CII’s sickly obsession with keeping the door to child marriage open reminds us of a debate in the Indian Central Legislative Assembly, 87 years ago, on the Hindu Child Marriage Bill. The objective of the bill was to restrict the marriage of minor Hindu girls. Largely through the Quaid-i-Azam’s efforts the measure was made applicable to Muslim girls and it became the Child Marriage Restraint Act in 1929.
The bill was fiercely opposed by the Hindu members of the assembly, and when it was suggested that the measure should apply to Muslim girls too, a majority of the Muslim members strongly opposed it. A measure of the public opposition to the bill can be had from the fact that petitions against it were signed by 72,725 persons while only 10 persons supported the bill.
However, not all Muslim members of the assembly and ulema outside opposed the bill. Maulana Suleman Nadvi and Khawaja Hasan Nizami backed the measure. Two representatives of the Deoband school said legislation on child marriage could be initiated by a Muslim sovereign but not by a foreign government. Some Muslim members changed their position during the debate. For example, Mian Shah Nawaz from Punjab was originally an enthusiastic supporter of the measure but turned against it after being shown a fatwa by 74 ulema.
https://www.transcend.org/tms/2011/12/afghanistan-women-and-the-rulers/
https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=3nJFvCMEMpUC&pg=PA28&lpg=PA28#v=onepage&q&f=false
Extracted from Malalai Joya’s book “A Woman Among Warlords, 2009: p. 28. “As early as May 1992, Ayatollah Asif Mohseni, the interim governing council spokesman (now a close friend of Karzai and the United States in Kabul), and Sayed Ali Javed (now a Member of Parliament) publicly announced a new set of rules governing the conduct of women: the ‘Ordinance on the Women’s Veil.’ It proclaimed, ‘A denier of the veil is an infidel and an unveiled woman is lewd,’ and outlined the conditions of wearing a veil”
http://www.rawa.org/temp/runews/2008/09/07/afghan-parliament-drafts-taliban-style-bill.html#ixzz4WocOSAj0
RAWA: The above photo shows mujahedin interim governing council spokesman Ayatullah Asif Mohseini, at press conference in Kabul on May 7, 1992 announcing newly imposed Islamic rules.
Many of the anti-women rules that the brutal Taliban imposed were the revised version of the rules formulated and practiced by Rabbani-Massoud government after they came to power in 1992 following the fall of the Russian puppet regime. Today the same people are once again in hold of power in Afghanistan and trying to revive their medieval rules.
===============
Arian Golshani (1997)
http://www.independent.co.uk/news/iranian-law-blamed-as-girl-killed-by-drug-addict-father-1290445.html
Dec 27, 1997: The cruel death of a nine-year-old girl - taken from her mother and handed to the custody of her drug-addict father after her parents' divorce - has scandalised Iran. ..
http://www.iranian.com/News/April98/hr.html
24 April 1998: Iran's parliament, the Islamic Consultative Assembly, on Wednesday gave initial approval to a law requiring hospitals to fully segregate all health services offered to men and women.
===============
http://gulfnews.com/news/uae/general/mma-vows-to-ban-music-1.397753
Sep 3, 2002: Muttahida Majlis-e-Amal (MMA), the country's main alliance of religious political parties, vowed yesterday to ban music and dance and close down co-educational institutions if elected to power.
"There won't be any dancing or singing by prostitutes on the television," Maulana Shah Ahmed Noorani, president of the Muttahida Majlis-e-Amal, told Gulf News in an interview.
"There will be a complete ban on musical and dancing shows. Instead, we will promote the concept of Jihad (holy war)," he said.
Besides the Noorani-led Jamiat Ulema-e-Pakistan, the two factions of the pro-Taliban Jamiat Ulema-e-Islam, the Jamaat-e-Islami, the Islami Tehrik-e-Pakistan and the Jamiat Ahle Hadis are members of the alliance.
This is for the first time in Pakistan's history that Islamic parties are running in the elections on a united platform. In the past, they used to form alliances with liberal political parties also.
Noorani said the co-education institutions and offices are also promoting corruption, adultery and extra-marital relations. "Islam gives high place to women and they cannot be exploited as an object of entertainment," he said.
"Dance and music is the legacy of Hindu society. The Muttahida Majlis-e-Amal will ensure women's rights and stop their exploitation," he said.
He, however, said that the MMA would not stop women from working. "They are allowed to do their business and pursue professions, including teaching, medicine," he said.
"They can run in elections for the parliament, but a woman cannot be the head of the state," he said. "Islam says that woman's rule brings destruction. The nation twice committed mistake by electing Benazir Bhutto prime minister," he added.
"But she should be allowed to run in the elections."
================
Anti-women violence in Iraq
http://www.nytimes.com/2003/07/31/world/after-the-war-legal-system-in-najaf-justice-can-be-blind-but-not-female.html
http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/articles/A15202-2004Feb28_2.html
http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/articles/A15202-2004Feb28.html
http://www.nytimes.com/2004/09/19/magazine/fern-hollands-war.html
http://www.csmonitor.com/2004/0401/p01s04-woiq.html
April 1, 2004: March 9, after visiting the center, Holland and her deputy, Salwa Ourmashi, and coalition press officer Robert Zangas were killed, their car forced off the road and machine-gunned. Investigators arrested six suspects, four with valid Iraqi police ID.
...
Ms. Salih, the center's first manager, stepped down after repeated threats to shoot or hang her.
https://iwpr.net/global-voices/baghdad-prostitutes-fall-hard-times
Feb 21, 2015: Attacks on prostitutes in Baghdad
http://europe.newsweek.com/iraqs-hidden-war-114807?rm=eu
March 7, 2005: The assassination campaign is conducted by Sunni Arab extremists, who make up the active resistance in Iraq now. But there have also been threats from Shia radicals. Fulla Khalil, 20, noticed a creepy change in her central Baghdad neighborhood after followers of cleric Moqtada al-Sadr took control of a Shiite mosque there.
...
http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/middle_east/4329075.stm
March 8, 2005:
Gunmen have killed three Iraqi women in the Shia district of Sadr City in Baghdad, police say.
http://newstandardnews.net/content/index.cfm/items/2054
July 6, 2005 – Police in Baghdad say an increasing number of women are being attacked for opting to wear Western clothing in public instead of traditional Islamic dress. The weapon of choice for attackers is corrosive acid, according to police and several survivors. ....
Major Abbas Dilemi, a police investigator in Baghdad, told IRIN that most of the acid attacks had occurred in the upscale Sunni district of Al-Mansour and the Shiite Al-Kadhimiya districts. He also said Islamic fundamentalists have recruited children to carry out some attacks.
Fundamentalists in other parts of the country have instituted their own brand of Sharia, or Islamic law, violently targeting women who do not comply with dress codes and other rules. In the western province of Al-Anbar, fundamentalists have reportedly killed five women for not following the orders of religious militants who have effectively held power in the region since the 2003 US-led invasion toppled Saddam Hussein's regime.
http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=5248949
March 7, 2006: After she spoke out against muta'a marriages, Aida Nasser Hussein Mosawi, an activist in Najaf, was shot and seriously wounded. According to Yanar Mohammed, women's rights and safety are in decline.
http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/middle-east/for-the-women-of-iraq-the-war-is-just-beginning-481497.html
https://www.theguardian.com/world/2006/oct/08/iraq.peterbeaumont
8 Oct 2006: In areas such as the Shia militia stronghold of Sadr City in east Baghdad, women have been beaten for not wearing socks. Even the headscarf and juba - the ankle-length, flared coat that buttons to the collar - are not enough for the zealots. Some women have been threatened with death unless they wear the full abbaya, the black, all-encompassing veil.
Similar reports are emerging from Mosul, where it is Sunni extremists who are laying down the law, and Kirkuk. Women from Karbala, Hilla, Basra and Nassariyah have all told The Observer similar stories. Of the insidious spread of militia and religious party control - and how members of those same groups are, paradoxically, increasingly responsible for the rape and murder of women outside their sects and communities.
....
http://www.vday.org/node/1361.html#.WAXo-5MrKog
Feb 23, 2007: This kind of assault was repeated again in the northern city of Tal Aafar, where Wajida Muhamad Amin was group-raped by security forces. In this case, it was not possible to deny or discredit the victim as there were witnesses.
Raping Iraqi women by the police force is not an unbelievable or a new matter. OWFI has located six confirmed cases of women raped by police, inside and outside detainment centers. The youngest of these raped females is 14 year old. OWFI activists have raised reports of these cases to the officials in the Ministry of Interior and the presidency of ministries and no answer has arrived so far.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xPs50HpeUfMhttps://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jbPhTnQcNu0
http://www.alarabiya.net/articles/2007/12/10/42767.html
http://www.thetimes.co.uk/tto/news/world/middleeast/iraq/article1991508.ece
Dec 8, 2007: On her first day at Basra University this year a man came up to Zeena, a 21-year-old Christian woman, and three other Christian girls and ordered them to cover their heads with a hijab, or Islamic headscarf.
“We didn’t listen to him, and thought he might just be some extremist student representing only himself,” she said.
The next day Zeena and two of her friends returned to class with uncovered heads. This time a man in the black clothes of the Shia militia stopped them at the entrance and took them aside. “He said, ‘We asked you yesterday to wear a hijab, so why are you and your friends not covering your hair?’. He was talking very aggressively and I was scared,” Zeena recalled. The girls explained that they were Christians and that their faith did not call for headscarves.
He said: ‘Outside this university you are Christian and can do what you want; inside you are not. Next time I want to see you wearing a hijab or I swear to God the three of you will be killed immediately’,” Zeena recalled. Terrified, the girls ran home.
They now wear the headscarf all the time. In the past five months more than 40 women have been murdered and their bodies dumped in the street by militiamen, according to the Basra police chief. Major-General Abdul-Jalil Khalaf said that some of them had been killed alone, others gunned down with their children. One unveiled mother was murdered together with her children aged 6 and 11.
....
At the university, Sunni students complain of being harassed by Shia militias. Ahmed, a 19-year-old Sunni freshman, was told that he had to grow a beard but keep his hair short to adhere to Islamic norms. He said that boys and girls who try to sit next to each other will be told to stay apart and given a lecture on Islamic virtue.
Self-appointed morality police, similar to the Bassiji who haunt students across the border in Iran, also grab people’s mobile phones and scroll through them looking for “immoral” video clips, music or pictures, Ahmed said.
Another student, Ali Yusuf, said that militiamen halted a freshers’ week party for new students, turning off the music system and ripping down the decorations. One armed thug picked up the DJ’s microphone and started praising Hojatoleslam Moqtada al-Sadr, the fanatical cleric who leads al-Mahdi Army, the most powerful Shia militia, before reading out a list of rules.
http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/middle-east/westernised-women-being-killed-in-basra-764353.html
Dec 11, 2007: Religious extremists have killed at least 40 women this year in Basra because of their "un-Islamic" dress, according to Iraqi police. The police said women were being apprehended by men patrolling on motorbikes or in cars with tinted windows before being murdered and dumped in piles of rubbish with notes saying they were killed for "un-Islamic behaviour". He said men had been victims of similar attacks. Since the overthrow of Saddam Hussein and the rise of Iraq's Shia-dominated government, armed men have forced women to cover their heads or face punishment. In parts of the predominantly Shia south, even Christian women have been forced to wear headscarves. In some areas of Basra, graffiti warns women that forgoing the headscarf and wearing make-up "will bring you death". In September, the headless bodies of a woman and her six-year-old son were among those found. A total of 40 deaths have been reported this year but police believe many go unreported for fear of reprisals.
http://www.irinnews.org/report/76065/iraq-islamic-extremists-target-women-basra
January 2, 2008: One hundred and thirty-three women were killed last year in Basra, Iraq’s second largest city, either by religious vigilantes or as a result of so-called “honour” killings, a report said on 31 December.
The report, released by Basra Security Committee at a conference on women’s rights in the city, said 79 of the victims were deemed by extremists to be “violating Islamic teachings”, 47 others died in “honour” killings and the remaining seven were targeted for their political affiliations.
“The women of Basra are being horrifically murdered and then dumped in the garbage with notes saying they were killed for violating Islamic teachings," Bassem al-Moussawi, head of the committee and a member of Basra’s Provincial Council, told the conference.
“Sectarian groups are trying to force a strict interpretation of Islam… They send their vigilantes to roam the city, hunting down those who are deemed to be behaving against their [the extremists’] own interpretations,” al-Moussawi said.
The Basra office of Iraq’s radical Shia religious leader Muqtada al-Sadr said his movement opposed the killings and blamed “gangs with foreign support [which are out] to defame the religious movements”.
“It is a sin,” said Harith al-Ethari, a spokesman for al-Sadr’s office in Basra, not to wear a headscarf. “But killing women is a bigger sin,” al-Ethari said.
“There is a concrete religious principle that says that wearing makeup and foregoing a headscarf in public is a sin, but it must not be dealt with like this,” he said.
http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/middle-east/barbaric-honour-killings-become-the-weapon-to-subjugate-women-in-iraq-816649.html
Acid attacks in Isfahan (October 2014)
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xDXaxQQyFHY
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=l7p8JimsCLk
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yJP-8__tzPg
http://www.rferl.org/content/iran-acid-attacks-protests-tehran-isfahan/26650881.html
http://time.com/3534179/young-iranians-stay-home-in-fear-of-acid-attacks/
Oct 23, 2014: Eight women have been badly injured after having acid thrown in their faces by unidentified men in recent weeks causing fear and anger in the city. Thousands protested Wednesday in Isfahan to demand security for women, according to the semiofficial Fars News Agency. Demonstrators, including many mothers, worried for the safety of their daughters. “Security and freedom are our indisputable rights!” they shouted. “Down with Iran’s Daesh,” refererring to the Arabic acronym for the militant group Islamic State of Iraq and Greater Syria.
.....
All of the victims have been young women who were attacked on busy main streets by male motorcyclists or passengers throwing acid on their faces. The women have suffered third-degree burns on their faces, necks, chests and hands, and will require cosmetic surgery.
Many women in Isfahan now fear going out. “One of my colleagues has her husband drive her to and back from work. Another says she nearly dies from fear whenever a motorcycle passes her car. I myself take the bus now as it seems safer,” Fatemeh, a female resident of Isfahan said on Wednesday, asking for her surname not to be published. “We are all worried, we only leave home when it is absolutely necessary.”
Women in Iran have been required by law, since the Islamic Revolution in 1979, to dress modestly and not wear cosmetics. The enforcement of morals is one of the duties of the Basij militia. Many women, however, have resisted and flaunt the rules by leaving parts of their hair exposed. Members of hardline religious groups have staged demonstrations protesting what they call the decadent clothing of women. This has led to rumors that some members of these groups are behind these attacks.
“People are saying it’s a group called Ansar trying to force women to have proper hijab. I don’t know if that’s true, but many are now using masks to cover their faces to escape possible attacks, which is ironic, as the attacker didn’t even feel the need to cover his face,” Fatemeh said, pointing to reports that the culprits had not gone to any trouble to hide their identities.
Most of Iranian society has reacted angrily to the attacks.
....
With none of the assailants arrested yet, many Iranians are posting comments on websites and social media that criticize the police force. Some compared the swift arrests of the makers of the Pharrell Williams’ Happy video in Tehran, “within hours” in May, to the fact that weeks have passed since the first acid attack.
Soheila’s mother struck a similar chord. “We asked them can we look at footage from surveillance cameras in Soheila’s route, but they refused,” she said. “Why are they not showing us the footage?”
http://europe.newsweek.com/irans-president-rouhani-promises-harshest-possible-sentence-acid-attack-279961
Oct 27, 2014: "In recent weeks, as many as 25 Iranian women have been been targeted by in acid attacks which have left at least one dead and many more suffering from serious burns to their hands and faces. One victim, 26-year-old Sohelia Jorkesh from Isfahan, has lost the sight from one eye while doctors are battling to save the other.
Thousands of Iranians took to the streets over the weekend, demanding justice for the victims and security for all citizens. The attacks and subsequent protests attracted attention from media outlets around the world, yet so far, there has been little progress in locating the assailants. Several men who were initially taken into custody were later released due to insufficient evidence, according to Iranian media.
Many human rights activists are skeptical of official calls for swift justice, blaming the rhetoric of conservative voices in parliament and the empowering of vigilante groups for the spike in acid attacks.
Hadi Ghaemi, the executive director of the International Campaign for Human Rights in Iran, a New York based NGO, believes that the women were targeted for violating Islamic dress codes, and linked the surge in attacks to recent rhetoric from conservative leaders.
"This comes in the midst of a year-long verbal attack by conservative forces in Iran attacking women for their clothes," Ghaemi told Newsweek. "There have been verbal warnings and calls that blood must be shed. These are not isolated incidents."
https://www.iranhumanrights.org/2015/10/one-year-after-acid-attacks/
Oct 9, 2015: A year after a spate of acid throwing attacks on women in Isfahan, the police and security forces have not apprehended a single individual, despite their frequent pledges to arrest the culprits.
....
============================
http://www.spiegel.de/spiegel/print/d-26060059.html
http://www.frontpagemag.com/fpm/119500/new-sect-honor-killing-enthusiasts-stephen-brown
Honor killings among Yazidi refugees in Europe
https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=HGyMCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA106&lpg=PA106#v=onepage&q&f=falsehttps://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IXP8AXpPIuA
How Iranian women fought back against discriminatory laws
http://www.dawn.com/news/1234310/ciis-unhealthy-obsession
The CII’s sickly obsession with keeping the door to child marriage open reminds us of a debate in the Indian Central Legislative Assembly, 87 years ago, on the Hindu Child Marriage Bill. The objective of the bill was to restrict the marriage of minor Hindu girls. Largely through the Quaid-i-Azam’s efforts the measure was made applicable to Muslim girls and it became the Child Marriage Restraint Act in 1929.
The bill was fiercely opposed by the Hindu members of the assembly, and when it was suggested that the measure should apply to Muslim girls too, a majority of the Muslim members strongly opposed it. A measure of the public opposition to the bill can be had from the fact that petitions against it were signed by 72,725 persons while only 10 persons supported the bill.
However, not all Muslim members of the assembly and ulema outside opposed the bill. Maulana Suleman Nadvi and Khawaja Hasan Nizami backed the measure. Two representatives of the Deoband school said legislation on child marriage could be initiated by a Muslim sovereign but not by a foreign government. Some Muslim members changed their position during the debate. For example, Mian Shah Nawaz from Punjab was originally an enthusiastic supporter of the measure but turned against it after being shown a fatwa by 74 ulema.
https://www.transcend.org/tms/2011/12/afghanistan-women-and-the-rulers/
https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=3nJFvCMEMpUC&pg=PA28&lpg=PA28#v=onepage&q&f=false
Extracted from Malalai Joya’s book “A Woman Among Warlords, 2009: p. 28. “As early as May 1992, Ayatollah Asif Mohseni, the interim governing council spokesman (now a close friend of Karzai and the United States in Kabul), and Sayed Ali Javed (now a Member of Parliament) publicly announced a new set of rules governing the conduct of women: the ‘Ordinance on the Women’s Veil.’ It proclaimed, ‘A denier of the veil is an infidel and an unveiled woman is lewd,’ and outlined the conditions of wearing a veil”
http://www.rawa.org/temp/runews/2008/09/07/afghan-parliament-drafts-taliban-style-bill.html#ixzz4WocOSAj0
RAWA: The above photo shows mujahedin interim governing council spokesman Ayatullah Asif Mohseini, at press conference in Kabul on May 7, 1992 announcing newly imposed Islamic rules.
Many of the anti-women rules that the brutal Taliban imposed were the revised version of the rules formulated and practiced by Rabbani-Massoud government after they came to power in 1992 following the fall of the Russian puppet regime. Today the same people are once again in hold of power in Afghanistan and trying to revive their medieval rules.
===============
Arian Golshani (1997)
http://www.independent.co.uk/news/iranian-law-blamed-as-girl-killed-by-drug-addict-father-1290445.html
Dec 27, 1997: The cruel death of a nine-year-old girl - taken from her mother and handed to the custody of her drug-addict father after her parents' divorce - has scandalised Iran. ..
In the event, Arian's father, Ali, was given a prison sentence of two years and a further sentence of three years "internal exile". Arian's step-brother, Ramtin, who is now 18, has been sentenced to death by hanging for killing the little girl. None of this gives any satisfaction to Mrs Ebadi. "Under our present law, if a father or a grandfather kills a child, there is no execution for this," she says. "They only have to pay blood- money to the mother ... This is a wrong legal view of children's rights."
And, she adds, of women's rights. "Blood money for the killing of a woman is only half that for a man. More terrible still, if I kill a man, the court orders my execution by hanging. But if a man kills me, my family have to go to court and pay half the blood money to him before the court can order his execution ... And look at the age of marriage - it's nine years old for girls and 15 for boys. But a father or grandfather can marry a little girl off under the age of nine. This doesn't happen much - but it's the law and it must be changed. Then there is sigeh - temporary marriage - which is, unfortunately, practised."
Jan 28, 1998: Ebadi,
speaking through an interpreter, said the religious system of law
contributes in some ways to the problems facing children.
For
example, she said, "beating is a crime in our laws, but if you are
doing this for the sake of the child, it's OK. The phrase in the law is,
'You shouldn't beat the child too much.' "
....
Before the Islamic revolution, Ebadi was the chief judge of the juvenile court in Tehran. She and other female judges lost their posts after the Islamic theocracy was founded.
....
For the death sentence to be carried out against Arian's stepbrother, Nohit Golshani has to pay money under Islamic law to her former husband, Ebadi said. Islamic law requires compensation to fathers who lose sons.
But Arian's mother cannot afford the large payment. That means the stepbrother will be jailed rather than executed, said Ebadi.
She argued against the blood money payment in court. She said she told the judge, "Is it right that you have taken this child from the woman, killed her daughter and you are still asking money from her?"
The judge reprimanded Ebadi for speaking out against Islam.
http://www.iranian.com/News/April98/hr.html
24 April 1998: Iran's parliament, the Islamic Consultative Assembly, on Wednesday gave initial approval to a law requiring hospitals to fully segregate all health services offered to men and women.
http://gulfnews.com/news/uae/general/mma-vows-to-ban-music-1.397753
Sep 3, 2002: Muttahida Majlis-e-Amal (MMA), the country's main alliance of religious political parties, vowed yesterday to ban music and dance and close down co-educational institutions if elected to power.
"There won't be any dancing or singing by prostitutes on the television," Maulana Shah Ahmed Noorani, president of the Muttahida Majlis-e-Amal, told Gulf News in an interview.
"There will be a complete ban on musical and dancing shows. Instead, we will promote the concept of Jihad (holy war)," he said.
Besides the Noorani-led Jamiat Ulema-e-Pakistan, the two factions of the pro-Taliban Jamiat Ulema-e-Islam, the Jamaat-e-Islami, the Islami Tehrik-e-Pakistan and the Jamiat Ahle Hadis are members of the alliance.
This is for the first time in Pakistan's history that Islamic parties are running in the elections on a united platform. In the past, they used to form alliances with liberal political parties also.
Noorani said the co-education institutions and offices are also promoting corruption, adultery and extra-marital relations. "Islam gives high place to women and they cannot be exploited as an object of entertainment," he said.
"Dance and music is the legacy of Hindu society. The Muttahida Majlis-e-Amal will ensure women's rights and stop their exploitation," he said.
He, however, said that the MMA would not stop women from working. "They are allowed to do their business and pursue professions, including teaching, medicine," he said.
"They can run in elections for the parliament, but a woman cannot be the head of the state," he said. "Islam says that woman's rule brings destruction. The nation twice committed mistake by electing Benazir Bhutto prime minister," he added.
"But she should be allowed to run in the elections."
================
Anti-women violence in Iraq
http://www.nytimes.com/2003/07/31/world/after-the-war-legal-system-in-najaf-justice-can-be-blind-but-not-female.html
July 30, 2003: NAJAF, Iraq— The United States Marine colonel supervising the reconstruction of this Shiite holy city's government indefinitely postponed the swearing in of its first-ever female judge today after her appointment provoked a wave of resentment, including fatwas from senior Islamic clerics and heated protests by the city's lawyers.
.......
Outside, a group of about 30 male and female lawyers were chanting in English: ''No No Women'' and ''Out Out Roe,'' referring to Specialist Rachel Roe, a Wisconsin lawyer serving as the adviser to the court system in Najaf. A lone Marine gunnery sergeant prevented them from storming the chambers.
''We refuse the appointment of a woman judge, because it contradicts Islamic law,'' said Rajiha al-Amidi, one of the women in the group protesting the appointment. ''This is what the Americans wanted to achieve in the first place with their invasion, to undermine Islam.''
A woman cannot be a judge, she explained, because ''women are always ruled by their emotions.''
Colonel Conlin huddled with the Najaf's chief justice, who showed him at least three fatwas -- religious fiats by senior clergy. One was dated June 5, well before the current controversy, but it carried extra weight because it was issued by Grand Ayatollah Ali al-Sistani, the most revered Shiite cleric in Iraq.
A follower had asked the grand ayatollah two written questions -- whether perfume was permissible to wear, given its alcohol content, and whether women could be judges. Although Islam forbids drinking alcohol, wearing perfume is fine, the grand ayatollah ruled, and as for judges, they had to be mature, sane and masculine.
Another fatwa was issued by Sheik Moktada al-Sadr, whose decisions carry virtually no theocratic weight because he is a 30-year-old seminary student. But he commands a mass popular following because of love for his late father, an ayatollah who opposed Saddam Hussein and was assassinated.
The young sheik wrote that filing a case before the female judge was forbidden.
''This will cause big, big problems in all governorates, in all cities,'' said Iltifad Abdul Sadeh, one of the female lawyers opposed to the idea. ''It will lead to confrontations.''
She then got into a brief spat with Ms. Hussein about the basis on which Islam bars women from being judges. It is not in the Koran, religious officials say, but it is mentioned among the sayings of Muhammad, which some consider open to interpretation.
''I have an angry crowd, and there are indications that some of the senior clerics have some serious issues,'' Colonel Conlin told Ms. Hussein. ''It is my goal to make you a judge, but I need to do better research.''
The colonel said he viewed the appointment of a judge a civil matter, something that would have been taken care of by a simple election back home in Falls Church, Va., so he had not even considered consulting the religious authorities.
Ms. Hussein, a smiling woman wearing a head scarf -- liberal clothing in a town where women drape themselves in black head-to-toe abayas -- tried to argue.
''There were demonstrations against the first elementary schools for women, too, but everything needs a beginning,'' she said to the colonel. ''Don't just talk to the people who are shouting, talk to sensible people.''
The chief judge's chambers were crowded with other judges, and a few supported the idea of a woman on the bench. They said nothing in Iraq's legal code barred women from serving as judges and the religious establishment would just have to learn to live with it.
But while one judge was making such remarks, others in the room were shouting him down. ''Not even Saddam Hussein appointed women judges!'' cried one opponent.
Indeed, under the previous government all judicial appointments were made by the president himself. At the secular height of Baath Party rule, around 1979, a half-dozen female lawyers graduated from the Judicial Institute and were appointed to the bench, the Najaf judges said. But Mr. Hussein then banned women from the institute.
http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/articles/A15202-2004Feb28_2.html
http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/articles/A15202-2004Feb28.html
Feb 28, 2004: Basra: Most worrisome have been the kidnappings and sometime murder of women whose actions have been deemed un-Islamic. A few weeks ago, local newspapers reported the shooting death of a young woman who worked in a video store - which extremists brand as pornographic.
Residents have different versions on the death of a female medical student who was kidnapped and raped several months ago. Some say that her parents killed her for the shame her rape brought on the family. Others say she committed suicide.
Dye has been thrown at women who did not wear the hijab, or the Islamic veil. Even many Christian women began wearing the hijab for fear of attracting kidnappers.
http://www.nytimes.com/2004/09/19/magazine/fern-hollands-war.html
http://www.csmonitor.com/2004/0401/p01s04-woiq.html
April 1, 2004: March 9, after visiting the center, Holland and her deputy, Salwa Ourmashi, and coalition press officer Robert Zangas were killed, their car forced off the road and machine-gunned. Investigators arrested six suspects, four with valid Iraqi police ID.
...
Ms. Salih, the center's first manager, stepped down after repeated threats to shoot or hang her.
https://iwpr.net/global-voices/baghdad-prostitutes-fall-hard-times
Feb 21, 2015: Attacks on prostitutes in Baghdad
http://europe.newsweek.com/iraqs-hidden-war-114807?rm=eu
March 7, 2005: The assassination campaign is conducted by Sunni Arab extremists, who make up the active resistance in Iraq now. But there have also been threats from Shia radicals. Fulla Khalil, 20, noticed a creepy change in her central Baghdad neighborhood after followers of cleric Moqtada al-Sadr took control of a Shiite mosque there.
...
Already in the heavily Shia south of Iraq, Sharia is routinely applied in the courts despite the Saddam-era laws giving women greater rights, says Aseel Abdul Khaleq, a woman lawyer who handles family cases.
http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/middle_east/4329075.stm
March 8, 2005:
Gunmen have killed three Iraqi women in the Shia district of Sadr City in Baghdad, police say.
The trio were said to have been shot as they stood on a street corner.
Police said they believed the women had been accused by a religious movement of being prostitutes, and were not killed for political reasons.
http://newstandardnews.net/content/index.cfm/items/2054
July 6, 2005 – Police in Baghdad say an increasing number of women are being attacked for opting to wear Western clothing in public instead of traditional Islamic dress. The weapon of choice for attackers is corrosive acid, according to police and several survivors. ....
Major Abbas Dilemi, a police investigator in Baghdad, told IRIN that most of the acid attacks had occurred in the upscale Sunni district of Al-Mansour and the Shiite Al-Kadhimiya districts. He also said Islamic fundamentalists have recruited children to carry out some attacks.
Fundamentalists in other parts of the country have instituted their own brand of Sharia, or Islamic law, violently targeting women who do not comply with dress codes and other rules. In the western province of Al-Anbar, fundamentalists have reportedly killed five women for not following the orders of religious militants who have effectively held power in the region since the 2003 US-led invasion toppled Saddam Hussein's regime.
http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=5248949
March 7, 2006: After she spoke out against muta'a marriages, Aida Nasser Hussein Mosawi, an activist in Najaf, was shot and seriously wounded. According to Yanar Mohammed, women's rights and safety are in decline.
http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/middle-east/for-the-women-of-iraq-the-war-is-just-beginning-481497.html
7 June 2006: One Basra woman, known only as Dr Kefaya, was working in the women and children's hospital unit at the city university when she started receiving threats from extremists. She defied them. Then, one day a man walked into the building and murdered her.
Eman Aziz, one of the first women to speak publicly about the dangers, said:"There were five people on the death list with Dr Kefaya. They were threatened 'If you continue working, you will be killed'."... Speaking to The Independent near Saddam's old palace in the middle of Basra, Mrs Aziz, reeled off the names of other dead friends. Three of her university class have been killed since the invasion. "My friend Sheda and her sister. They were threatened. One day they returned to their house with two other women. They were all shot," she said. Her language is chillingly perfunctory.
"And my friend Lubna, she was with her fiancé. They shot him in the arm and then killed her in front of him," she explained. Then there were the two sisters who worked in the laundry at Basra Palace base. With a shrug, she briefly detailed each life cut short.
In the Rusafa section of Baghdad, a predominantly Shiite area known
for its strong militia presence, police tortured detainees with
electricity, beatings and, in at least one case, rape, according to the
internal documents. Relief was reserved for those detainees whose
relatives could afford to bribe detention officers to release them.
The Wolf Brigade, a notorious commando unit, illegally detained more than 650 prisoners, according to the documents...Female detainees are often sexually assaulted. According to the documents, the commander of a detention center in the Karkh neighborhood of the capital raped a woman who was an alleged insurgent in August. That same month, two lieutenants tortured and raped two other female detainees.
The Wolf Brigade, a notorious commando unit, illegally detained more than 650 prisoners, according to the documents...Female detainees are often sexually assaulted. According to the documents, the commander of a detention center in the Karkh neighborhood of the capital raped a woman who was an alleged insurgent in August. That same month, two lieutenants tortured and raped two other female detainees.
https://www.theguardian.com/world/2006/oct/08/iraq.peterbeaumont
8 Oct 2006: In areas such as the Shia militia stronghold of Sadr City in east Baghdad, women have been beaten for not wearing socks. Even the headscarf and juba - the ankle-length, flared coat that buttons to the collar - are not enough for the zealots. Some women have been threatened with death unless they wear the full abbaya, the black, all-encompassing veil.
Similar reports are emerging from Mosul, where it is Sunni extremists who are laying down the law, and Kirkuk. Women from Karbala, Hilla, Basra and Nassariyah have all told The Observer similar stories. Of the insidious spread of militia and religious party control - and how members of those same groups are, paradoxically, increasingly responsible for the rape and murder of women outside their sects and communities.
....
In the Shia neighbourhood of al-Shaab in Baghdad, militiamen with the Jaish al-Mahdi put out an order banning women from wearing sandals and certain shoes, skirts and trousers. They beat up others for wearing the wrong clothes.
In Amaryah, a Sunni stronghold in Baghdad, Sunni militants shave three women's heads for wearing the wrong clothes and lash young men for wearing shorts. In Zafaraniyah, a largely Shia suburb south of Baghdad, the Jaish al-Mahdi militiamen wait outside a school and slap girls not wearing the hijab.
http://www.vday.org/node/1361.html#.WAXo-5MrKog
Feb 23, 2007: This kind of assault was repeated again in the northern city of Tal Aafar, where Wajida Muhamad Amin was group-raped by security forces. In this case, it was not possible to deny or discredit the victim as there were witnesses.
Raping Iraqi women by the police force is not an unbelievable or a new matter. OWFI has located six confirmed cases of women raped by police, inside and outside detainment centers. The youngest of these raped females is 14 year old. OWFI activists have raised reports of these cases to the officials in the Ministry of Interior and the presidency of ministries and no answer has arrived so far.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xPs50HpeUfMhttps://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jbPhTnQcNu0
http://www.alarabiya.net/articles/2007/12/10/42767.html
http://www.thetimes.co.uk/tto/news/world/middleeast/iraq/article1991508.ece
Dec 8, 2007: On her first day at Basra University this year a man came up to Zeena, a 21-year-old Christian woman, and three other Christian girls and ordered them to cover their heads with a hijab, or Islamic headscarf.
“We didn’t listen to him, and thought he might just be some extremist student representing only himself,” she said.
The next day Zeena and two of her friends returned to class with uncovered heads. This time a man in the black clothes of the Shia militia stopped them at the entrance and took them aside. “He said, ‘We asked you yesterday to wear a hijab, so why are you and your friends not covering your hair?’. He was talking very aggressively and I was scared,” Zeena recalled. The girls explained that they were Christians and that their faith did not call for headscarves.
He said: ‘Outside this university you are Christian and can do what you want; inside you are not. Next time I want to see you wearing a hijab or I swear to God the three of you will be killed immediately’,” Zeena recalled. Terrified, the girls ran home.
They now wear the headscarf all the time. In the past five months more than 40 women have been murdered and their bodies dumped in the street by militiamen, according to the Basra police chief. Major-General Abdul-Jalil Khalaf said that some of them had been killed alone, others gunned down with their children. One unveiled mother was murdered together with her children aged 6 and 11.
....
At the university, Sunni students complain of being harassed by Shia militias. Ahmed, a 19-year-old Sunni freshman, was told that he had to grow a beard but keep his hair short to adhere to Islamic norms. He said that boys and girls who try to sit next to each other will be told to stay apart and given a lecture on Islamic virtue.
Self-appointed morality police, similar to the Bassiji who haunt students across the border in Iran, also grab people’s mobile phones and scroll through them looking for “immoral” video clips, music or pictures, Ahmed said.
Another student, Ali Yusuf, said that militiamen halted a freshers’ week party for new students, turning off the music system and ripping down the decorations. One armed thug picked up the DJ’s microphone and started praising Hojatoleslam Moqtada al-Sadr, the fanatical cleric who leads al-Mahdi Army, the most powerful Shia militia, before reading out a list of rules.
http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/middle-east/westernised-women-being-killed-in-basra-764353.html
Dec 11, 2007: Religious extremists have killed at least 40 women this year in Basra because of their "un-Islamic" dress, according to Iraqi police. The police said women were being apprehended by men patrolling on motorbikes or in cars with tinted windows before being murdered and dumped in piles of rubbish with notes saying they were killed for "un-Islamic behaviour". He said men had been victims of similar attacks. Since the overthrow of Saddam Hussein and the rise of Iraq's Shia-dominated government, armed men have forced women to cover their heads or face punishment. In parts of the predominantly Shia south, even Christian women have been forced to wear headscarves. In some areas of Basra, graffiti warns women that forgoing the headscarf and wearing make-up "will bring you death". In September, the headless bodies of a woman and her six-year-old son were among those found. A total of 40 deaths have been reported this year but police believe many go unreported for fear of reprisals.
http://www.irinnews.org/report/76065/iraq-islamic-extremists-target-women-basra
January 2, 2008: One hundred and thirty-three women were killed last year in Basra, Iraq’s second largest city, either by religious vigilantes or as a result of so-called “honour” killings, a report said on 31 December.
The report, released by Basra Security Committee at a conference on women’s rights in the city, said 79 of the victims were deemed by extremists to be “violating Islamic teachings”, 47 others died in “honour” killings and the remaining seven were targeted for their political affiliations.
“The women of Basra are being horrifically murdered and then dumped in the garbage with notes saying they were killed for violating Islamic teachings," Bassem al-Moussawi, head of the committee and a member of Basra’s Provincial Council, told the conference.
“Sectarian groups are trying to force a strict interpretation of Islam… They send their vigilantes to roam the city, hunting down those who are deemed to be behaving against their [the extremists’] own interpretations,” al-Moussawi said.
The Basra office of Iraq’s radical Shia religious leader Muqtada al-Sadr said his movement opposed the killings and blamed “gangs with foreign support [which are out] to defame the religious movements”.
“It is a sin,” said Harith al-Ethari, a spokesman for al-Sadr’s office in Basra, not to wear a headscarf. “But killing women is a bigger sin,” al-Ethari said.
“There is a concrete religious principle that says that wearing makeup and foregoing a headscarf in public is a sin, but it must not be dealt with like this,” he said.
http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/middle-east/barbaric-honour-killings-become-the-weapon-to-subjugate-women-in-iraq-816649.html
April 27, 2008: At
first glance Shawbo Ali Rauf appears to be slumbering on the grass, her
pale brown curls framing her face, her summer skirt spread about her.
But the awkward position of her limbs and the splattered blood reveal
the true horror of the scene.
The
19-year-old Iraqi was, according to her father, murdered by her own
in-laws, who took her to a picnic area in Dokan and shot her seven
times. Her crime was to have an unknown number on her mobile phone. Her
"honour killing" is just one in a grotesque series emerging from Iraq,
where activists speak of a "genocide" against women in the name of
religion.
In
the latest such case, it was reported yesterday that a 17-year-old
girl, Rand Abdel-Qader, was stabbed to death last month by her father
for becoming infatuated with a British soldier serving in southern Iraq.
In
Basra alone, police acknowledge that 15 women a month are murdered for
breaching Islamic dress codes. Campaigners insist it is a conservative
figure.
Violence
against women is rampant, rising every day with the power of the
militias. Beheadings, rapes, beatings, suicides through self-immolation,
genital mutilation, trafficking and child abuse masquerading as
marriage of girls as young as nine are all on the increase.
Du'a
Khalil Aswad, 17, from Nineveh, was executed by stoning in front of mob
of 2,000 men for falling in love with a boy outside her Yazidi tribe.
Mobile phone images of her broken body transmitted on the internet led
to sectarian violence, international outrage and calls for reform. Her
father, Khalil Aswad, speaking one year after her death in April last
year, has revealed that none of those responsible had been prosecuted
and his family remained "outcasts" in their own tribe.
"My
daughter did nothing wrong," he said. "She fell in love with a Muslim
and there is nothing wrong with that. I couldn't protect her because I
got threats from my brother, the whole tribe. They insisted they were
gong to kill us all, not only Du'a, if she was not killed. She was
mutilated, her body dumped like rubbish.
"I
want those who committed this act to be punished but so far they have
not, they are free. Honour killing is murder. This is a barbaric act."
Despite
the outrage, recent calls by the Kurdish MP Narmin Osman to outlaw
honour killings have been blocked by fundamentalists. "Honour killings
are not actually a crime in the eyes of the government," said Houzan
Mahmoud, who has had a fatwa on her head since raising a petition
against the introduction of sharia law in Kurdistan. "If before there
was one dictator persecuting people, now almost everyone is persecuting
women.
http://www.dailymotion.com/video/x1wjpg_stonedtodeath_news
Video of stoning of Yazidi girl, Du'a Khalil Aswad
https://iwpr.net/global-voices/honour-killing-sparks-fears-new-iraqi-conflict
6 June 2007: Duaa’s case is not the first time conversion and marriage prohibitions have led to violence. A few months before she died, a family killed their daughter because she had converted to Islam. They shot her with a single bullet to the head, and little attention was paid to the case.
Two months before Duaa’s death, a Yezidi man from Shekan, a village near Bashiqa, eloped with a Muslim girl. The girl was later found beheaded, allegedly by Muslims from her own village, and several Yezidi houses and religious sites were set alight.
These incidents may help explain why the killing of Duaa escalated so swiftly into bloodshed between Muslims and Yezidis.
http://www.ipsnews.net/2007/12/iraq-bad-women-raped-and-killed/
https://www.theguardian.com/world/2008/may/11/iraq.humanrights
May 11, 2008: A Shia father, Abdel Qadri Ali, from Basra killed his 17-year old daughter after she became infatuated with a British soldier.
http://www.rferl.org/content/article/1079688.html
March 26, 2008: Al-Basrah's female residents also came under increasing pressure, including threats and harassment for wearing what their accusers considered inappropriate attire. In a March 20 report in "Al-Azzam," residents were gripped by fear after the discovery around the city of several women's mutilated bodies. Police officials claimed they arrested an armed gang that eventually admitted to killing nine women, but local officials suggest that other similar gangs operate relatively unhindered in the city.
http://abcnews.go.com/International/story?id=7168860&page=1
26 March 2009: Militants routinely threatened to kill each and every woman who did not dress according to the precepts of sharia law that were put in force in 2007. According to Juliana Dawood, a college teacher who lives in Basra, graffiti on the city walls threatened violence against any woman who did not wear the hijab. Fliers distributed in cities like Basra reinforced the warning.
https://www.hrw.org/report/2011/02/21/crossroads/human-rights-iraq-eight-years-after-us-led-invasion
Feb 21, 2011: A women's rights activist who led public campaigns against domestic violence and other women's issues in Najaf told Human Rights Watch that she started to receive numerous death threats via text messages in August 2007.[22] The messages were variations on the same theme: "Oh, you bitch, stop your work or we will kill you." This activist was well-known since she published articles in her own name. In September 2007, assailants bombed her house, damaging it and 12 others in the neighborhood, she told us. She continued to receive threats in the weeks following the explosion. She said the police took some photos of the wreckage but did not follow up with a proper investigation, so she tried to pursue the case on her own by hiring a private investigator to determine who was sending her the threatening text messages. "The police did not do anything to help us or investigate the attack because the perpetrators were extremists and they were afraid. All the police would tell us is 'You're lucky to still be alive.'"
https://www.hrw.org/report/2014/02/06/no-one-safe/abuse-women-iraqs-criminal-justice-system
Feb 6, 2014: Authorities have exploited vague provisions in the Anti-Terrorism Law of 2005 to settle personal or political scores—detaining, charging, and trying women based on their association to a particular individual, tribe, or sect. According to statistics provided by an official from the Prime Minister’s Office, 4,200 women in Interior and Defense ministry facilities were Sunni and 57 were Shia.
http://www.niqash.org/en/articles/security/5363
http://www.al-monitor.com/pulse/originals/2016/08/islamisation-basra-shiite-militias-civil-life.html#ixzz4JIZQkxiO
August 31, 2016: Over the past few weeks, six bombings hit Basra cafes frequented by young people. Most recently, the Coffee Time cafe was targeted on Aug. 17 on busy Algeria Street in central Basra. The bombings resulted in a young man's death and left others wounded, while the cafes were forced to close and lay off their staff.
....
================http://www.dailymotion.com/video/x1wjpg_stonedtodeath_news
Video of stoning of Yazidi girl, Du'a Khalil Aswad
https://iwpr.net/global-voices/honour-killing-sparks-fears-new-iraqi-conflict
6 June 2007: Duaa’s case is not the first time conversion and marriage prohibitions have led to violence. A few months before she died, a family killed their daughter because she had converted to Islam. They shot her with a single bullet to the head, and little attention was paid to the case.
Two months before Duaa’s death, a Yezidi man from Shekan, a village near Bashiqa, eloped with a Muslim girl. The girl was later found beheaded, allegedly by Muslims from her own village, and several Yezidi houses and religious sites were set alight.
These incidents may help explain why the killing of Duaa escalated so swiftly into bloodshed between Muslims and Yezidis.
http://www.ipsnews.net/2007/12/iraq-bad-women-raped-and-killed/
18 Dec 2007: Women who do not wear the hijab are becoming prime targets of militias, residents say. Many women say they are threatened with death if they do not obey.
“Militiamen approached us to tell us we must wear the hijab and stop wearing make-up,” college student Zahra Alwan who fled Basra for Baghdad recently told IPS. “They are imitating the Iranian Revolution Guards, and we believe they receive orders from the Islamic Republic (of Iran) to do so.”
“Militiamen approached us to tell us we must wear the hijab and stop wearing make-up,” college student Zahra Alwan who fled Basra for Baghdad recently told IPS. “They are imitating the Iranian Revolution Guards, and we believe they receive orders from the Islamic Republic (of Iran) to do so.”
Graffiti in red on walls across Basra warns women against wearing make-up and stepping out without covering their bodies from head to toe, Alwan said.
“The situation in Baghdad is not very different,” Mazin Abdul Jabbar, social researcher at Baghdad University told IPS. “All universities are controlled by Islamic militiamen who harass female students all the time with religious restrictions.”
Jabbar said this is one reason that “many families have stopped sending their daughters to high schools and colleges.”
Earlier this year Iraq’s Ministry of Education found that more than 70 percent of girls and young women no longer attend school or college.
Several women victims were accused of being “bad” before they were abducted, residents say. Most abducted women are later found dead. The bodies of several were found in garbage dumps, showing signs of rape and torture. Several bodies had a note attached saying the woman was “bad”, according to several residents who did not give their name.
A Shia cleric in Baghdad spoke to IPS on condition of anonymity to defend killings.
“We are an Islamic country and we must commit to the restrictions of our religion,” he said. “We must not allow corruption to invade our families under flag of freedom and such nonsense.”
Sunni clerics offered a different view.
“It is against Islamic regulations for women to expose their hair and bodies,” Sheikh Tariq al-Abdaly told IPS in Baghdad. “But this is not an Islamic state, and so all we can do is to advise women, same as we advise men, to follow those regulations. In any case, punishment for such mistakes should certainly be much less than execution.”
https://www.theguardian.com/world/2008/may/11/iraq.humanrights
May 11, 2008: A Shia father, Abdel Qadri Ali, from Basra killed his 17-year old daughter after she became infatuated with a British soldier.
http://www.rferl.org/content/article/1079688.html
March 26, 2008: Al-Basrah's female residents also came under increasing pressure, including threats and harassment for wearing what their accusers considered inappropriate attire. In a March 20 report in "Al-Azzam," residents were gripped by fear after the discovery around the city of several women's mutilated bodies. Police officials claimed they arrested an armed gang that eventually admitted to killing nine women, but local officials suggest that other similar gangs operate relatively unhindered in the city.
http://abcnews.go.com/International/story?id=7168860&page=1
26 March 2009: Militants routinely threatened to kill each and every woman who did not dress according to the precepts of sharia law that were put in force in 2007. According to Juliana Dawood, a college teacher who lives in Basra, graffiti on the city walls threatened violence against any woman who did not wear the hijab. Fliers distributed in cities like Basra reinforced the warning.
https://www.hrw.org/report/2011/02/21/crossroads/human-rights-iraq-eight-years-after-us-led-invasion
Feb 21, 2011: A women's rights activist who led public campaigns against domestic violence and other women's issues in Najaf told Human Rights Watch that she started to receive numerous death threats via text messages in August 2007.[22] The messages were variations on the same theme: "Oh, you bitch, stop your work or we will kill you." This activist was well-known since she published articles in her own name. In September 2007, assailants bombed her house, damaging it and 12 others in the neighborhood, she told us. She continued to receive threats in the weeks following the explosion. She said the police took some photos of the wreckage but did not follow up with a proper investigation, so she tried to pursue the case on her own by hiring a private investigator to determine who was sending her the threatening text messages. "The police did not do anything to help us or investigate the attack because the perpetrators were extremists and they were afraid. All the police would tell us is 'You're lucky to still be alive.'"
Today, armed groups continue to target female political and community leaders and activists. This threat of violence has had a debilitating impact on the daily lives of women and girls generally and has reduced their participation in public life. It has had profound consequences for women's economic participation, as many female professionals, including doctors, journalists, activists, engineers, politicians, teachers, and civil servants are forced to cease working fearing for their safety.
On November 12, 2009, an assailant shot Safa 'Abd al-Amir, the principal of a girls school in Baghdad, four times.[23] The attack happened shortly after she announced that she was running in the national elections as a Communist Party candidate. After al-Amir left her school in the al-Ghadir district at about 1:30 p.m., a maroon-colored BMW approached her vehicle from behind to the side; an assailant shot her three times in the face and once in the arm. She did not immediately realize what had happened to her since the gunman used a silencer.
Despite her injuries, al-Amir managed to leave her car and walk barefoot for about 20 meters. When police arrived at the scene, they initially feared she was a suicide bomber because she was drenched in blood. "I couldn't answer the questions because they had shot my mouth – I just kept pointing to my mouth," al-Amir related.[24]
After numerous operations, including one to reconstruct her jaw, she is still undergoing treatment. "They tried to kill me because I'm a political woman," she said. "According to the extremists' beliefs, an unveiled progressive woman running for political office sets a bad example for other women."[25] She said the police conducted a superficial investigation, which comprised only obtaining her statement in response to a few questions and no follow-up. She said the police either did not care or were afraid to investigate. Authorities have made no arrests in the case.
....
....
In a 2003 study in southern Iraq by Physicians for Human Rights, more than half of the surveyed women and men agreed that a husband has the right to beat a disobedient wife.[81]
This level of violence within marriage is underpinned by Iraqi legislation—Iraq's penal code effectively condones domestic violence under article 41(1). The "punishment of a wife by her husband" is considered a legal right on par with disciplining children, according to the text of the provision. While the penal code specifies that such punishment is permissible "within certain limits prescribed by law or by custom," there are no specified legal limits. According to a lawyer in Najaf who provides legal assistance to women's groups, it is "very difficult" to take any legal action against men who abuse their wives. If the woman does not show marks or scars from abuse, the case is automatically rejected.[82]
.....
A 33-year old divorcee in Najaf told us that she is constantly harassed. "When I went to apply for social assistance, the officer kept putting obstacles in my way and telling me to come back tomorrow. When I would come back the next day, he would offer me assistance in exchange for mut'ah." After getting a job at a religious library in Najaf, she said the harassment did not stop and she was constantly pressured for mut'ah. "That's why I developed a complex against religion, not because I'm against Islam but because of these religious men who keep harassing me and especially the religious institutions that encourage them. I have developed a phobia of men."[96]
.....
A 33-year old divorcee in Najaf told us that she is constantly harassed. "When I went to apply for social assistance, the officer kept putting obstacles in my way and telling me to come back tomorrow. When I would come back the next day, he would offer me assistance in exchange for mut'ah." After getting a job at a religious library in Najaf, she said the harassment did not stop and she was constantly pressured for mut'ah. "That's why I developed a complex against religion, not because I'm against Islam but because of these religious men who keep harassing me and especially the religious institutions that encourage them. I have developed a phobia of men."[96]
https://www.hrw.org/report/2014/02/06/no-one-safe/abuse-women-iraqs-criminal-justice-system
Feb 6, 2014: Authorities have exploited vague provisions in the Anti-Terrorism Law of 2005 to settle personal or political scores—detaining, charging, and trying women based on their association to a particular individual, tribe, or sect. According to statistics provided by an official from the Prime Minister’s Office, 4,200 women in Interior and Defense ministry facilities were Sunni and 57 were Shia.
http://www.niqash.org/en/articles/security/5363
http://www.al-monitor.com/pulse/originals/2016/08/islamisation-basra-shiite-militias-civil-life.html#ixzz4JIZQkxiO
August 31, 2016: Over the past few weeks, six bombings hit Basra cafes frequented by young people. Most recently, the Coffee Time cafe was targeted on Aug. 17 on busy Algeria Street in central Basra. The bombings resulted in a young man's death and left others wounded, while the cafes were forced to close and lay off their staff.
....
This is neither the first time entertainment venues for youth have been threatened, nor is it the first attack on the freedom of women. On Aug. 13, for instance, Muqtada al-Sadr called for boycotting cafes that employ waitresses, warning that "certain measures" he did not explain would be taken should the government fail to address this issue.
The Sadrist movement's affiliated militias, known as the Mahdi Army and now as the Peace Brigades, have been fighting IS in the provinces of Salahuddin, Kirkuk and Anbar.
Imtar Rahim Ne’hma, a member of the Badr bloc in the province of Basra, also warned against cafes employing female staff members and called on their families to address the problem “in order to preserve their lives.”
Acid attacks in Isfahan (October 2014)
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xDXaxQQyFHY
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=l7p8JimsCLk
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yJP-8__tzPg
http://www.rferl.org/content/iran-acid-attacks-protests-tehran-isfahan/26650881.html
http://time.com/3534179/young-iranians-stay-home-in-fear-of-acid-attacks/
Oct 23, 2014: Eight women have been badly injured after having acid thrown in their faces by unidentified men in recent weeks causing fear and anger in the city. Thousands protested Wednesday in Isfahan to demand security for women, according to the semiofficial Fars News Agency. Demonstrators, including many mothers, worried for the safety of their daughters. “Security and freedom are our indisputable rights!” they shouted. “Down with Iran’s Daesh,” refererring to the Arabic acronym for the militant group Islamic State of Iraq and Greater Syria.
.....
All of the victims have been young women who were attacked on busy main streets by male motorcyclists or passengers throwing acid on their faces. The women have suffered third-degree burns on their faces, necks, chests and hands, and will require cosmetic surgery.
Many women in Isfahan now fear going out. “One of my colleagues has her husband drive her to and back from work. Another says she nearly dies from fear whenever a motorcycle passes her car. I myself take the bus now as it seems safer,” Fatemeh, a female resident of Isfahan said on Wednesday, asking for her surname not to be published. “We are all worried, we only leave home when it is absolutely necessary.”
Women in Iran have been required by law, since the Islamic Revolution in 1979, to dress modestly and not wear cosmetics. The enforcement of morals is one of the duties of the Basij militia. Many women, however, have resisted and flaunt the rules by leaving parts of their hair exposed. Members of hardline religious groups have staged demonstrations protesting what they call the decadent clothing of women. This has led to rumors that some members of these groups are behind these attacks.
“People are saying it’s a group called Ansar trying to force women to have proper hijab. I don’t know if that’s true, but many are now using masks to cover their faces to escape possible attacks, which is ironic, as the attacker didn’t even feel the need to cover his face,” Fatemeh said, pointing to reports that the culprits had not gone to any trouble to hide their identities.
Most of Iranian society has reacted angrily to the attacks.
....
With none of the assailants arrested yet, many Iranians are posting comments on websites and social media that criticize the police force. Some compared the swift arrests of the makers of the Pharrell Williams’ Happy video in Tehran, “within hours” in May, to the fact that weeks have passed since the first acid attack.
Soheila’s mother struck a similar chord. “We asked them can we look at footage from surveillance cameras in Soheila’s route, but they refused,” she said. “Why are they not showing us the footage?”
http://europe.newsweek.com/irans-president-rouhani-promises-harshest-possible-sentence-acid-attack-279961
Oct 27, 2014: "In recent weeks, as many as 25 Iranian women have been been targeted by in acid attacks which have left at least one dead and many more suffering from serious burns to their hands and faces. One victim, 26-year-old Sohelia Jorkesh from Isfahan, has lost the sight from one eye while doctors are battling to save the other.
Thousands of Iranians took to the streets over the weekend, demanding justice for the victims and security for all citizens. The attacks and subsequent protests attracted attention from media outlets around the world, yet so far, there has been little progress in locating the assailants. Several men who were initially taken into custody were later released due to insufficient evidence, according to Iranian media.
Many human rights activists are skeptical of official calls for swift justice, blaming the rhetoric of conservative voices in parliament and the empowering of vigilante groups for the spike in acid attacks.
Hadi Ghaemi, the executive director of the International Campaign for Human Rights in Iran, a New York based NGO, believes that the women were targeted for violating Islamic dress codes, and linked the surge in attacks to recent rhetoric from conservative leaders.
"This comes in the midst of a year-long verbal attack by conservative forces in Iran attacking women for their clothes," Ghaemi told Newsweek. "There have been verbal warnings and calls that blood must be shed. These are not isolated incidents."
https://www.iranhumanrights.org/2015/10/one-year-after-acid-attacks/
Oct 9, 2015: A year after a spate of acid throwing attacks on women in Isfahan, the police and security forces have not apprehended a single individual, despite their frequent pledges to arrest the culprits.
....
Eyewitnesses to the attacks have said that the male acid throwers shouted statements against the targeted women’s allegedly loose clothing before attacking their victims.
....a number of high-level clerics have publicly stated that effective enforcement of proper hijab must go beyond verbal warnings. Just prior to the attacks, Isfahan’s Friday Imam, Mohammad Taghi Rahbar, made a sermon suggesting women with “bad hijab” should be confronted by more than just words.
Eyewitness accounts to the acid attacks strongly suggest the acid throwers were morality vigilantes. The attacks took place as Iran’s Parliament was debating the Plan to Promote Virtue and Prevent Vice.
============================
http://www.spiegel.de/spiegel/print/d-26060059.html
http://www.frontpagemag.com/fpm/119500/new-sect-honor-killing-enthusiasts-stephen-brown
Honor killings among Yazidi refugees in Europe
Extract from the page 106 of the book "The Shias of Pakistan: An Assertive and Beleaguered Minority" By Andreas Rieck. Shias opposition to Muslim Family Law Ordinance
https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=1yw7CQAAQBAJ&pg=PA84&lpg=PA84#v=onepage&q&f=false
Extract from the page 84 of the book "Gender Hierarchy in the Qur'ān: Medieval Interpretations, Modern Responses" By Karen Bauer. Ayatollah Makaram Shirazi saying that women are emotional and Muslim women should avoid giving testimony in courts, even in non-Muslim countries.
https://newhumanist.org.uk/articles/815/press-for-change
"The first ever daily paper devoted to women, Zan (Woman) was launched in August 1998 by Faezeh Hashemi, daughter of the previous president Rafsanjani and a member of parliament in her own right. From early on Zan attracted the wrath of the conservative faction and after facing a number of charges, penalties and temporary closure, it was finally ordered to cease publication in April 1999, mainly for publishing a satirical cartoo(shown above) criticising the Ghesas (retribution) law which asserts that the blood money for a murdered woman is only half of that for a man. The cartoon showed a gunman pointing at a couple, with the husband shouting "Kill her, she is cheaper!""
https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=WB3m-cBtrQ4C&pg=PA122&lpg=PA122#v=onepage&q&f=false
Extract from the page 122 of the book "Women and Politics in the Islamic Republic of Iran: Action and Reaction" By Sanam Vakil.
http://cii.gov.pk/publications/h.report.pdf
http://www.dawn.com/news/147586/hudood-laws-open-to-change-senator
"Justice Amjad said that the Hudood Ordinance was not produced by Moulvis, as propagated by some ‘liberals’ but by legend law expert of the region. The commission that drafted Hudood Ordinance in 1979 was presided by Justice Muhammad Afzal Cheema and comprised of eminent ulema and jurists like Justice Salahuddin Ahmad, A.K.Barohi, Khwaja Qamaruddin Sayalvi, Mufti Sayahuddin Kakakhel, Advocate Khalid Ishaq, Maulana Muhammad Yusuf Binori, Mufti Muhammad Hussain Naeemi, Maulana Zafar Ahmad Ansari, Justice Muhammad Taqi Osmani, Mir Ja’far Hussain Mujtahid, Maulana Muhammad Hanif Nadvi, Dr Ziauddin and Tajjamul Hussain Hashmi."
http://www.dawateislami.net/bookslibrary/1484/page/165
زنا کا ثبوت گواہی سے ہو تو ضروری ہے کہ زنا کے گواہ چار عاقل ،بالغ ، مسلمان مرد ہوں کوئی عورت نہ ہو، چاروں نیک اور متقی ہوں ، اور انہوں نے ایک وقتِ مُعَیَّن میں زنا کا یوں مشاہدہ کیا ہو جیسے سرمہ دانی میں سلائی نیز یہ چاروں گواہ حلفِ شرعی کے ساتھ گواہی دیں۔ اگر ان میں سے ایک بات بھی کم ہوئی تو زنا ثابت نہ ہو گا اور گواہی دینے والے شرعاً اسی اسی کوڑوں کے مستحق ہوں گے۔ (فتاوی رضویہ، ۱۳/۶۲۳، ملخصاً)
http://www.dawateislami.net/bookslibrary/1458/page/627
http://www.dawateislami.net/bookslibrary/1458/page/626
کیافرماتے ہیں علمائے دین ومفتیانِ شرع متین اس مسئلہ میں کہ ایك عورت کا یہ بیان ہے کہ زید نے مجھ سے زنابالجبر کیا،گواہ معاینہ کا کوئی نہیں،اور یہ بیان اس عورت کا ہے کہ جس مکان میں واقعہ مذکور گزرا ہے اس میں سوائے میرے اور زید کے اور کوئی موجود نہ تھا،زید کا انکار ہے کہ میں نے زنا نہیں کیا البتہ تہدید کےلئے عورت مذکور کو سخت اور سست کہا تھا،اور وہ تہدید یہ تھی یعنی صبح کو جس وقت زید پانی بھرنے کو اپنے ٹھکانوں میں جانے لگا تو زید نے اس عورت کو خواب سے بیدار کیا کہ ہوشیار ہوجا ایسا نہ ہو کہ کوئی آوارہ آدمی کوئی چیز اٹھالے جائے،جب زید پانی بھر کر لوٹ آیا تو عورت مذکورکو سوتا پایا تو اس نے ایك لات چار پائی اس عورت میں ماری کہ ابھی تك غافل سورہی ہے کوئی مال اٹھالے جاتا تو کیاہوتا،اور زید نے سخت اور سست بھی کہا،اس پر اس نے شورمچایا اور زید کو متہم بالزنا بالجبر کیا،آیا اس بارے میں بلحاظِ واقعاتِ صدرقولِ عورت قابلِ اعتبار ہے یانہیں؟اور دو شخص جن میں ایك مسلمان اور دوسرا ہندو یہ بیان کرتے ہیں کہ ہم نے یہ سنا کہ مکان میں سے آواز آتی ہے کہ یہ شخص میری آبرو اتارے لیتا ہے،بینواتوجروا۔
الجواب:
اس عورت کا قول ہرگز قابل اعتبار نہیں،بلکہ ہر مسلمان پر فرض ہے کہ اسے جھوٹ و بہتان سمجھے اور مسلمان کے ساتھ نیك گمان کرے،جو لوگ اس بارے میں زنِ مذکورہ کو سچاجانیں گے وہ بھی سخت گناہگار اور اس مرد کے حق میں گرفتار ہوں گے، شریعت کا حکم یہ ہے یا تو وہ چار گواہ مسلمان ثقہ پرہیز گار قابلِ شہادت زنا سے ثابت کرادے کہ وہ اس وقت خاص میں اس مکان معین میں اس مرد کا اس عورت کے ساتھ زنا کرنا اور اپنا بچشمِ خود اس کے بدن کو اس کے بدن میں سرمہ دانی میں سلائی کی طرح دیکھنا بیان کریں جب تو عورت اس الزام سے بری ہوگی اور مرد پر زنا کی حد آئے گی،ورنہ عورت کو اسی کوڑے لگائے جائیں گے،اور جو لوگ اس کا بیان سچا مان کر مرد پر یہ تہمت کریں گے وہ بھی اسی اسی کوڑے کھائیں گے۔یہ سب حکم خود قرآن مجید میں مذکور۔اس ملك میں کہ حد شرع جاری نہیں اتنا فرض ہے کہ مسلمان اس عورت کو جھوٹا کذّاب اور ناحق افتراء باندھنے والی سمجھیں،پس مسلمان اس سے توبہ کرائیں اور وہ مجمع میں اپنے آپ کو جھٹلائے،اگر نہ مانے تو اسے چھوڑدیں کہ وہ سخت گناہ کی مرتکب ہوئی،اور ان دوگواہوں کی گواہی عورت کو کچھ بھی مفید نہیں کہ اول فقط ایك گواہ ہے،کافر کی گواہی کچھ مقبول نہیں دوسرے وہ اپنی آنکھوں کا دیکھا کچھ نہیں کہتے،تیسرے سننے میں بھی فقط اس عورت کی آواز بیان کرتے ہیں،یہ خود مدعیہ ہے،مدعی کا قول مسموع نہیں،چوتھے آبرواتارنا کچھ خاص زنا کرنے ہی کو نہیں کہتے مارنے پیٹنے یا مارپیٹ کا قصد کرنے پر بھی ایسا کلمہ کہا جاتا ہے،غرض گواہی محض مہمل ہے اور عورت کا قول سراسرباطل،اور مرد الزام سے بالکل بری،اور عورت پر جھوٹی تہمت کا الزام قائم اور اس پراس سخت گناہ سے توبہ فرض ہے
Female Genital Mutilation
http://dissenter-rationalist.blogspot.co.uk/2016/02/female-circumcision.html
==================
Wife beating
http://en.cijnews.com/?p=50643
In a Friday sermon in 2004 dealing with the “Relationship of Husband and Wife”, the Caliph, the Supreme religious leader, of the Ahmadiyya Muslim Community, Hazrat Mirza Masroor Ahmad, said among other things the following (originally in Urdu):
“If the woman continues in a rebellion only then you are allowed to punish her, not that at every little thing you slap her or you pick up the stick…”
The book “Islam on Marital Rights” by Sheikh Mubarak Ahmad, Chief of the Ahmadiyya Muslim Mission in East Africa, provides practical guidance for married couples. The following are excerpts from the book which appears on Ahmadiyya’s website:
“Men have been allowed a degree of superiority over women… for the smooth running of family life, man has been made the head of the household and in that sense placed above the women…“The Duties of Women…“The wife’s second duty is that she should be obedient to and co-operative with her husband and give him the respect…“Many wives do not consider it necessary to be docile and obedient to their husbands and insist on imposing their own wishes on them and want their husband to play the second fiddle. This is not correct. A good wife must obey her husband…“Wife’s Ideal Qualities…“The wife should not allow anyone into the house whom the husband does not like…“The wife must not go out of the house without the permission of her husband…“But in all other matters [except ordering to commit a sin] she must obey. If she does not do so she will be deemed disobedient, and the husband will be entitled to take disciplinary action against her in the manner and within the limits as prescribed by the Holy Quran for such cases. It says:“And for those (wives) on whose part you fear disobedience, admonish them and leave them alone in their beds, and chastise them. Then if they obey you, seek not a way against them.” (4:35)“Steps in respect of the above command have to be taken with the greatest care and due consideration. By leaving them alone in their beds does not mean perpetual separation. In the case of a very stubborn woman, who does not mend herself as a result of separation, which in no case should exceed four months, the husband should take recourse by giving a bit of corporal punishment. But this must be the last recourse.“The Holy Prophet (s.a.w.) has given very clear instructions on this point. He has advised that the punishment should be light, so light that it must not leave any mark on the body. And he has positively forbidden slapping one‘s wife on the face…“It is also reported that once the Holy Prophet (s.a.w.) said, “If a husband invites his wife to his bed and she refuses, the angels keep cursing her the whole of the remaining night.”“Calling upon the women to realize their duty of obedience to their husbands, the Promised Messiah (a.s.) once said, “For the woman it is imperative that she should obey her husband…“A very important duty of women is prescribed by the Holy Quran in the following verse:“And stay in your houses with dignity.” (33, 43)…“This verse, therefore, calls upon the Muslim women to restrain their activities to their homes and not to go outside without a valid reason…“The above Quranic injunction demands that women should mostly confine themselves to their houses…“It is wrong to conclude from the above sayings that the woman is totally barred from stepping out of the house.“Nevertheless, it is incorrect to hold that it is a part of a woman’s duty to go out and earn her own living by working in offices and factories. The true sphere of her activities is certainly her house…
http://www.almizan.org/tafsir/4-32-35/
The clause, "that with which Allah has made some of them to excel the others", refers to the natural characteristics of man in which he excels the woman; men have much greater judicious prudence than women, and consequently they are much stronger and braver and more capable of performing strenuous tasks requiring intrepidity and forbearance; while women's life is dominated by feelings and emotions and based on gracefulness and delicateness. The next phrase, "what they spend out of their property", refers to the wealth which men spend on women's dower and maintenance.
The generality of these causes shows that the resulting principle, "Men are the maintainers of women", is not confined to the husbands. In other words, it does not say that man is the main-tamer of his wife; rather it gives authority to the men, as a group, over the whole group of women, in the common affairs which effect lives of both sexes on the whole. The general social aspects which are related to man's excellence as, for example, rulership and judiciary, are the things on which a society depends for its continuence. It is because of the prudence and judiciousness which are found in men in a higher degree than in women. Likewise, the fight and defense depend on strength and far-reaching strategic planning. In such affairs men have authority over women.
Consequently, the order, Men are the maintainers of women, is totally unrestricted and comprehensive, while the next sentence, the good women are therefore obedient..., is apparently restricted to the relationship between a man and his wife, as will be explained later on. This next declaration has branched out from the above general principle; but it does not restrict its generality in any way.
.....
And this is what Allah has ordained, when He says: Men are the maintainers of women; and the prophetic pronouncements, being the expositions of the Qur'anic principles, establish its factu-ality; and the Prophet (s.a.w.) followed this principle throughout his life; he did not appoint any woman as a ruler or governor of any people, nor did he give her any judicial post, nor were they called upon to participate in any war, i.e., to actively fight in it.
......
Abu Ja'far (as.) has said that, leave them alone in the sleeping places, means that man should turn away from her; and beat them, means hitting her with tooth brush- (Majma 'u'l-bayan)
https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=8yAJMAAdP7IC&pg=PA103&lpg=PA103&dq=a+segment+of+the+female+populace+possesses+masochistic+tendencies&source=bl&ots=06woPYYq5O&sig=UDUL6hPZKbKPTAVpc6BShrsWavM&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwif96OgyNTMAhXjB8AKHUlMC5IQ6AEIHDAA#v=onepage&q=a%20segment%20of%20the%20female%20populace%20possesses%20masochistic%20tendencies&f=false
Extract from the page 103 of the book "Hundred and Eighty Questions, Volume 1" By Nāṣir Makārim Shīrāzī, Shahnawaz Mahdawī:
http://www.imamreza.net/eng/imamreza.php?print=8745
Why is the Inheritance of Men twice that of Women?
By: Ayatullah al-Uzma Nasir Makarim Shirazi
"The question that arises here is: How can Islam permit the physical punishment of a woman?
The answer to this objection, in light of this meaning of the verse, the traditions which discuss it, the explanations which have been presented in the books of jurisprudence and also the explanations which the psychologists offer today, is not very difficult, for:
Firstly: The verse sanctions physical discipline for those disobedient and irresponsible individuals for whom no other means have proved effective. Incidentally this is not an issue that is new and confined to Islam, rather, in all the laws of the world, when all peaceful and non-violent means to compel a person into fulfilling his obligations prove unproductive, there exist provisions to eventually resort to force. This resort to force is not restricted to mere beatings, but at times even extends to severe punishments and on occasions going all the way up to the death penalty!
Secondly: The 'physical punishment' in this case - as has been mentioned in books of jurisprudence - should be mild and moderate so as not to cause breakage of bones, injuries or (for that matter, even) bruises.
Thirdly: Modern psychoanalysts are of the belief that a segment of the female populace possesses masochistic tendencies and when this state intensifies within them, the only way to calm them down is by means of mild physical punishment. Therefore, it is possible that the physical punishment has been prescribed taking (the state of) such individuals into consideration, for in their case, this mild physical penalty would be lenitive in nature and serve as a kind of psychological remedy for them."
http://www.aimislam.com/the-qurans-most-controversial-verse-beating-women/
Sayyid Sistani states in Minhaj al-Salihin: “Misconduct (نشوز) can appear from the wife or husband. Regarding the wife it occurs when she leaves the obedience of her husband in matters which are obligatory for her to comply with (such as refusing to have sexual relations)…not when she refrains from obeying him in matters which are not obligatory upon her, such as serving in the house.” Regarding the strike: “It cannot cause the skin to turn black or red.”
http://www.shiachat.com/forum/topic/235020206-so-can-a-man-beat-his-wife-according-to-quran/
A hit is not the same as harming, causing any harm like a bruise/cut is haram, every tafsir mentions this from the sunni and shia side:
Tabari :-
عن ابن عباس: { وَٱضْرِبُوهُنَّ } قال: ضرباً غير مبرّح.
"From Ibn Abbas: {And strike them} he said: 'a hit without severity'"
Tabrasi :-
وإلا ضربها ضرباً غير مبرح
"And if she doesn't (return after admonishment and separation of beds) then he strikes her without severity"
Qummi :-
فإن أطاعته فسبيل ذلك وإلا سبها وهو الهجر فإن رجعت إلى فراشها فذلك وإلا ضربها ضرباً غير مبرح
"So if she obeys then the path is left as such, and if not then he insults by leaving the bed; so if she returns to her bed then it is left as such and if not then he strikes her without severity"
Tusi:-
"And as for the strike then it is without severity by consensus, Abu Ja'far (as) said: 'It is by the miswak'"
وأما الضرب فانه غير مبرِّح بلا خلاف قال أبوجعفر (ع): هو بالسواك
Note the common phrase in all these tafsirs: 'ghayr mubarrih' - 'without severity'. And last but not least the Quran itself:
"Lodge them [in a section] of where you dwell out of your means and do not harm them in order to oppress them." - 65:6
Very exceptional situation when the wife doesn't reform after admonishment and separation of beds. And the only things a wife is obliged to fulfil with her husband is sexual satisfaction and protection of his property in his absence. The husband has no authority beyond this.
Here is a quick translation of a known akhbari scholar, Yusuf al-Bahrani who quotes a well known famous scholar, Shahid al-Thani (Sheikh Zain al-Din al-'Amuli):
Sheikh al-Bahrani states in his book al-Hadaa'iq that [sheikh Zain al-Din al-'Amuli] stated in his book al-Masaalik: "And in some reports [it is said] to hit her with a 'siwak', and perhaps it is intended to mean playfully, otherwise such an act is unlikely to chastise or encourage reform." Al-Bahrani then agrees with this, he then says: "And it is said [by some] that the hit be done with a rolled scarf, (and درة , which dictionaries define as something used to hit with, didn't find anything else), and not with a whip or a stick, and this view is quoted by Sheikh al-Tusi in his 'al-Mabsut' (that some believe in this)..." (where Sheikh al-Tusi also quotes the one about 'miswaq')
http://www.shiachat.com/forum/topic/234979873-wife-beat-verse-434nothing-to-with-beating/
Brother, I suggest you to pick up a hadeeth book or two, or pick up a tafseer book from our shee`ahs.
فإن رجعت إلى فراشها فذلك و إلا ضربها ضربا غير مبرح فإن أطاعته و ضاجعته
And
if she returns to her bed in that (state), and other than that beat
her, beat her not violently. And if she obeys you and he sleeps with
(her)
- Source:
- Al-Qummee, Tafseer Al-Qummee, vol. 1, pg. 137
So our Imaam (as) said: "seperate from her but not violently?". I doubt it.
فإن رجعت و إلا ضربها ضربا غير مبرح و قيل في معنى غير المبرح أن لا يقطع لحما و لا يكسر عظما
"and
if she returns (in that state) and other than that beat her, beat her
not violently and (others) say: this means not violently, and that you
do not cut her flesh, and do no break her bones”
- Source:
- Al-Tabarasee, Majma` Al-Bayaan, vol. 3, pg. 69
Then Al-Tabarasee narrates this hadeeth:
وَ
اهْجُرُوهُنَّ فِي الْمَضاجِعِ) روى عن ابى جعفر عليه السلام قال: يحول
ظهره إليها و اضربوهن و روى عن أبي جعفر عليه السلام بأنه الضرب بالسواك)
"And
forsake them in the bed"(4:34) a Narration from the 5th Imaam (as): He
(should) transfer (turn) his back to her, "And Beat them" (4:34) a
narration from the 5th Imaams (as): Hitting her with a miswaak
- Source:
- Al-Tabarasee, Majma` Al-Bayaan, vol. 3, pg. 69
So our Imaam (as) is telling the men to "seperate them with a miswaak"? I doubt it.
تنفع الهجرة ضرباً غير شديد لا يقطع لحماً و لا يكسر عظماً ان لم
"And
if there is no benefit from the migration (of the bed) hit her not hard
(violently) and you do not cut her flesh and do not break her bones"
- Source:
- Al-FayD Al-Kashaanee, Tafseer Al-Saafee, vol. 1, pg. 448
In
order to do correct tafseer, you must look to hadeeth of the Ahl
Al-Bayt (as) to see in what way did the Imaams (as) interpret this verse
as.
http://shiaonlinelibrary.com/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%83%D8%AA%D8%A8/257_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AD%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%82-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%B6%D8%B1%D8%A9-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%AD%D9%82%D9%82-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A8%D8%AD%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A-%D8%AC-%D9%A2%D9%A4/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B5%D9%81%D8%AD%D8%A9_618#top
Sheikh al-Tusi also gives his view and states to hit her like you hit a child when he commits a mistake, shouldn't hit her violently, nor make her bleed, nor hit her chronically and the hitting should be done on the body and not the face.
http://www.shiaonlinelibrary.com/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%83%D8%AA%D8%A8/36_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A8%D8%B3%D9%88%D8%B7-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B4%D9%8A%D8%AE-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B7%D9%88%D8%B3%D9%8A-%D8%AC-%D9%A4/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B5%D9%81%D8%AD%D8%A9_338#top
This is to show that even when the word 'hit' is agreed upon, there are differing views, and there are still many more different views on the verse itself and much more to talk about.
As for the ones in English:
1- Here is one by Sayyid Musawi Lari (where he focuses more on the 'separate'):
http://www.musavilari.org/index.php?module=bookPages&id=120&page=731
https://www.facebook.com/permalink.php?story_fbid=412661402223277&id=385767358246015&substory_index=0
http://www.al-islam.org/principles-marriage-family-ethics-ayatullah-ibrahim-amini/part-2-duties-men#disciplinary-rights-husband
Therefore, the Qur’an allows beating one's wife as the final stage of punishment, in the event of unreasonable behaviour of a woman with regard to the sexual desires of her husband.
The first stage is giving advice. Secondly, the man should avoid sharing her bed or turn his back towards her, and in this way he should show his anger. If nothing positive happens at the end of the second stage and still the woman continues to refuse her husband, he is permitted to beat her (lightly).
A man, however, is not permitted to surpass the prescribed limit and resort to oppression. Men are reminded of the following:
(a) The aim of physical punishment of one's wife should be a way of education and not that of taking revenge.
(b) Hitting should be done by hand or by using a thin and light wooden stick.
(c) Hitting to the extent that results in changing the color of the skin (to blue or red) is not permitted and is punishable by the payment of a Diyah (fine).
(d) Hitting of sensitive parts of the body such as the eyes, head, stomach, etc is not permitted.
(e) Physical punishment should not be so hard as to create hatred and ill-feeling between the couple, or to drive the wife towards more disobedience.
(f) A man (who intends to punish his wife in this manner) should remember that he is to live with his wife and that the family love should not be destroyed.
(g) A man is not allowed to hit his wife if there are legitimate reasons for her non-compliance with his wishes. For instance, if she is in the state of menstruation, fasting in the month of Ramadan being in ihram (garb for Hajj pilgrimage), or if she is sick. These are acceptable reasons and a man cannot punish his wife for not complying with his wishes on these occasions.
Case 2: A woman can go out of the house only after obtaining her husband's permission. Going out without permission is lawfully not allowed and committing it is a sin.
A tradition has been reported that the Prophet (S) did not allow any woman to go out of her house without her husband's permission. "He stated: 'Any woman who goes out of her house without her husband's permission, would be subjected to the curse of all the angels in the heavens and all those who see her, be they jinn or human, until the time she returns (to her home)'."56
This is the right of any husband which must be observed by their wives.
http://www.dailymotion.com/video/x2gwpwk
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=X0sdC_rByIA
Mufti Akmal Qadri on ARY TV saying that permission to "lightly hit" a wife is only there to threaten the wife to mend her ways and not meant to beat her.
http://www.memritv.org/clip_transcript/en/173.htm
http://www.memritv.org/clip/en/173.htm
July 26, 2004: Shia cleric Sheik 'Abd Al-Hamid Al-Muhajir spoke on Syrian TV about wife-beating in Islam: "But when does the beating come? The beating comes after the admonition, which lasts a long period of time, and after sending the wife to another bed. Only after this does the beating come. And to whom? To the disobedient wife and disobedience is disregard for the truth. A wife who endangers her husband and her own life ? What's better, that she gets slapped or that she ruins her family, herself, and society?"
http://www.dawateislami.net/bookslibrary/1484/page/200
http://www.dawateislami.net/bookslibrary/1484/page/201
عورت کی ضروریات، اس کی حفاظت ،اسے ادب سکھانے اور دیگر کئی امور میں مرد کو عورت پر تَسَلُّط حاصل ہے گویا کہ عورت رعایا اور مرد بادشاہ، ا س لئے عورت پر مرد کی اطاعت لازم
ہے ،اس سے ایک بات یہ واضح ہوئی کہ میاں بیوی کے حقوق ایک جیسے نہیں بلکہ
مرد کے حقوق عورت سے زیادہ ہیں اور ایسا ہونا عورت کے ساتھ نا انصافی یا
ظلم نہیں بلکہ عین انصاف اور حکمت کے تقاضے کے مطابق ہے ۔شانِ نزول: حضرت سعد بن ربیع رَضِیَ اللہُ تَعَالٰی عَنْہُ نے اپنی بیوی حبیبہ کو کسی خطا پر ایک طمانچہ مارا جس سے ان کے چہرے پر نشان پڑ گیا، یہ اپنے والد کے ساتھ حضورسیدُ المرسلینصَلَّی اللہُ تَعَالٰی عَلَیْہِ وَاٰلِہٖ وَسَلَّمَ کی بارگاہ میں اپنے شوہر کی شکایت کرنے حاضر ہوئیں۔ سرور ِدوعالم صَلَّی اللہُ تَعَالٰی عَلَیْہِ وَاٰلِہٖ وَسَلَّمَ نے قصاص لینے کا حکم فرمایا، تب یہ آیت نازل ہوئی تو آپ صَلَّی اللہُ تَعَالٰی عَلَیْہِ وَاٰلِہ وَسَلَّمَ نے قصاص لینے سے منع فرما دیا۔ (بغوی، النساء، تحت الآیۃ: ۳۴، ۱/۳۳۵)
لیکن یہ یاد رہے کہ عورت کو ایسا مارنا ناجائز ہے۔
{ بِمَا فَضَّلَ اللہُ بَعْضَہُمْ عَلٰی بَعْضٍ:اس وجہ سے کہ اللہ نے ان میں ایک کو دوسرے پر فضیلت دی۔} مرد کو عورت پر جو حکمرانی عطا ہوئی اس کی ایک وجہ یہ ہے کہ رب تعالیٰ نے مرد کو عورت پر فضیلت بخشی ہے۔
مرد
کے عورت سے افضل ہونے کی وجوہات کثیر ہیں ، ان سب کا حاصل دو چیزیں ہیں
علم اور قدرت۔ اس میں کوئی شک نہیں کہ مرد عقل اور علم میں عورت سے فائق
ہوتے ہیں ، اگرچہ بعض جگہ عورتیں بڑھ جاتی ہیں لیکن مجموعی طور پر ابھی بھی
پوری دنیا پر نگاہ ڈالیں تو عقل کے امور مردوں ہی کے سپرد ہوتے ہیں۔ یونہی
مشکل ترین اعمال سرانجام دینے پر انہیں قدرت حاصل ہے یہی وجہ ہے کہ مرد
عقل و دانائی اور قوت میں عورتوں سے فَوقِیّت رکھتے ہیں۔ مزید یہ کہ جتنے
بھی انبیاء، خُلفاء اور ائمہ ہوئے سب مرد ہی تھے۔ گھڑ سواری، تیر اندازی
اور جہاد مرد کرتے ہیں۔ امامت ِ کُبریٰ یعنی حکومت وسلطنت اور امامت ِصغریٰ
یعنی نماز کی امامت یونہی اذان، خطبہ ، حدود و قصاص میں گواہی بالاتفاق
مردوں کے ذمہ ہے۔ نکاح، طلاق، رجوع اور بیک وقت ایک سے زائد شادیاں کرنے کا
حق مرد کے پاس ہے اور نسب مردوں ہی کی طرف منسوب ہوتے ہیں ، یہ سب قرائن
مرد کے عورت سے افضل ہونے پر دلالت کرتے ہیں۔ مردوں کی عورتوں پر حکمرانی
کی دوسری وجہ یہ ہے کہ مرد عورتوں پر مہر اور نان نفقہ کی صورت میں اپنا
مال خرچ کرتے ہیں ا س لئے ان پر حاکم ہیں۔
http://www.dawateislami.net/bookslibrary/1484/page/203
سب
سے پہلے نافرمان بیوی کو اپنی اطاعت کے فوائد اور نافرمانی کے نقصانات
بتاؤ نیز قرآن وحدیث میں اس تعلق سے منقول فضائل اور وعیدیں بتا کر
سمجھاؤ، اگر اس کے بعد بھی نہ مانیں تو ان سے اپنے بستر الگ کر لو پھر بھی
نہ مانیں تو مناسب انداز میں انہیں مارو۔ اس مار سے مراد ہے کہ ہاتھ یا
مسواک جیسی چیز سے چہرے اور نازک اعضاء کے علاوہ دیگر بدن پر ایک دو ضربیں
لگا دے۔ وہ مار مراد نہیں جو ہمارے ہاں جاہلوں میں رائج ہے کہ چہرے اور
سارے بدن پر مارتے ہیں ، مُکّوں ، گھونسوں اور لاتوں سے پیٹتے ہیں ، ڈنڈا
یا جو کچھ ہاتھ میں آئے اس سے مارتے اور لہو لہان کردیتے ہیں یہ سب حرام و
ناجائز ، گناہ ِ کبیرہ اور پرلے درجے کی جہالت اور کمینگی ہے۔
مفسرِ
شہیر حکم الامت حضرت مفتی احمدیارخان علیہ رحمۃ اللہ المنّان سورۃُ النساء
کی آیت نمبر34کے تحت لکھتے ہیں :رب تعالیٰ نے یہاں ان کی (یعنی بیویوں کی
) اِصلاح کی تین صورتیں بیان فرمائیں ؛(۱)نصیحت کرنا (۲)بائیکاٹ کرنا (۳)مارنا
۔(مزید لکھتے ہیں ) نافرمانی پر خاوند مار سکتا ہے مگر اِصلاح کی مار مارے
نہ کہ ایذاء (یعنی تکلیف دینے )کی جیسے شاگرد کو اُستاد یا اولاد کو ماں
باپ اِصلاح کے لئے مارتے ہیں ۔بلاقصور بیوی کو مارنا سخت ممنوع ہے جس کی
پکڑ رب (عزوجل ) کے ہاں ضرور ہوگی ۔(تفسیرِ نعیمی،ج۵،ص۶۱)
بہارِ
شریعت میں ہے:’’ بیوی نماز نہ پڑھے تو شوہر اس کو مار سکتا ہے اسی طرح
ترکِ زینت پر بھی مار سکتا ہے اور(بلااجازت) گھر سے باہر نکل جانے پر بھی
مارسکتا ہے۔‘‘(بہار شریعت،حصہ ۱۶،ص۲۹۹)
http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/middle-east/saudi-family-therapist-gives-advice-on-how-to-beat-your-wife-a7024091.html
12 May 2016: The family therapist suggests the beating should not be performed with a rod or sharp object, but instead with a tooth-cleaning twig or handkerchief. He says: "The beating should not be performed with a rod... nor should it be a headband... or a sharp object, which, I am sad to say, some husbands use.
"It should be done with something like the sewak tooth-cleaning twig - or with a handkerchief."
He explains: "Because the goal is merely to make the wife feel that she was wrong in the way she treated her husband."
....
Giving the main reasons a man may beat his wife, he says the first is arguments between the wife and her husband.
"Unfortunately, some wives want to live a life of equality with their husband," he says. "This is a very grave problem."
Other women make mistakes which may lead their husbands to beat them, he adds.
Mr Al-Saqaby suggests there are some situations where a wife may hit her husband, because of his "faulty upbringing" in which he may have seen his father hit his wife and be "imitating their behaviour".
He also says he is "sad to say" some women provoke their husbands to beat them.
http://tribune.com.pk/story/1111222/nothing-serious-gentle-beating-wife-no-violence-says-cii-chief/
27 May 2016: Maulana Sherani went on to detail what he meant by ‘beating’. “Hit her with light things like handkerchief, a hat or a turban, but do not hit her on the face or private parts. And the beating should not cause any kind of physical damage or even scratches. Resort to light stuff, nothing serious.”
==================
Sexual Harassment
https://twitter.com/nowthisnews/status/929061856940998656
Women in Iran are standing up to their harassers by recording them
https://twitter.com/alhx313/status/698846864074878977
14 Feb 2016: (Thread) @HasHafidh if I could rt this 100 times I would. The amount of times I've been harassed in Najaf/Karbala is ridiculous
https://iranwire.com/en/features/1182
https://iranwire.com/en/features/213
In Iran there are no legal provisions for dealing with sexual harassment or assault in the workplace. Article 5 of the “Policies Regarding the Employment of Women in the Islamic Republic,” passed in 1992 by the Supreme Council of the Cultural Revolution, states that “in recognising the role of women as one half of the population in social progress and economic development, it is incumbent upon executive institutions to provide for their employment and plan accordingly based on the priorities.”
When it comes to providing legal protection for women in the workplace, Iran ranks behind neighbouring Afghanistan. With assistance from the United Nations Development Programme, the Afghan government recently issued legal guidelines for preventing sexual harassment or any kind of discrimination against women in government agencies, specifying such acts as sexual harassment and punishable by law. There is no plan for similar guidelines in Iran.
“Sexual harassment in the workplace is different from other kinds of sexual harassment and needs its own appropriate rules and laws,” Shadi Sadr, a lawyer and women's rights activist, told Iranwire. “But in this regard, the only law that we have is the Article 82 of the Islamic Penal Code, which considers rape a crime punishable by death.”
Sadrs says that it is extremely difficult to prove accusations of rape. “When the accused knows that the punishment is death,” she says, “he will not easily confess, in the same way that someone would not commit rape in the presence of four righteous witnesses [required under Islamic law to prove an accusation]. Other harassments that do not rise to the level of rape have no legal remedy and the law in this regard is blind, unless the harassment becomes clear physical battery, which is then addressed under ordinary laws on battery.”
In the same way that Iranian criminal code does not recognise domestic violence as a distinct form of battery, Sadr says the law does not stipulate "sexual harassment" as an infraction and as such makes no provisions to protect victims. Generic laws enshrined in Iran's Islamic penal code make prosecuting sexual harassment and rape virtually impossible. “It doesn't make a difference whether somebody has been raped in the street or in a closed space or by an employer. Both types of rape would require proof of sufficient witnesses, which is of course very difficult.”
https://iranwire.com/en/features/305
In 2012, a study by the Tehran University of Social Sciences reported that 62 per cent of Tehrani women chose to confront verbal taunts with silence. ...More than 72 per cent of women who took part in the study responded to being inappropriately stared at by remaining silent; 62 per cent chose to be silent after being verbally abused; and about 12 per cent did not speak up after being touched or even groped by strangers.
https://iranwire.com/en/node/1129
11 June 2015: Blame the victim: sexual harassment in Iran
https://www.afghanistan-analysts.org/harassment-of-women-in-afghanistan-a-hidden-phenomenon-addressed-in-too-many-laws/
A smaller survey, carried out in 2016 by the Youth Development Association focused on [Hazara-majority] Daykundi province, showed the occurrence of “sexual harassment at an alarming rate” of over 80 per cent of the 115 women and girls interviewed.
https://iranwire.com/en/features/1644
Feb 2016: Sheena Shirani, Press TV anchorperson faced sexual harassment by her bosses
http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/blogs-trending-35535269
11 Feb 2016: Iranians speak out over sexual harassment scandal
https://iranwire.com/en/features/4170
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0X3BzWc3bYQ
https://twitter.com/IranWireEnglish/status/788730231104368640
US travel blogger Alex Reynolds wrote about sexual harassment she experienced in Iran. Our report: https://iranwire.com/en/features/1450
https://www.theguardian.com/world/iran-blog/2015/sep/15/iran-hijab-backfired-sexual-harassment
The irony of a system that goes to great lengths to “protect women’s bodies” is that while harassers are acting freely, stalking and groping under the eyes of all, the moral police is arresting women for “bad hijab”, skimpy manteaus or tight leggings.
In the same Vanak Square where I face regular catcalling and stalking, the moral police routinely apprehends women for immodest clothing. The sexual predation right under their eyes seems of no concern to them.
There is, however, one thing a woman can do to avoid sexual harassment. The magical wand to ward off men is simple: another man. “You absolutely don’t get the same kind of unwanted attention,” says Aisha. “It’s as if a man is a weapon to defend yourself. It’s a deterrence mechanism. It’s assumed he ‘owns’ you, as your relative, boyfriend or even just a neighbour, so no-one is allowed to bother or touch you.”
https://iranwire.com/en/features/4302
13 Jan 2017: Some of the men harassing women in Rafjsanjani funeral were Basij militiamen and plainclothes agents.
https://iranwire.com/en/features/4302
13 Jan 2017: Some of the men harassing women in Rafjsanjani funeral were Basij militiamen and plainclothes agents.
=============
http://www.alahazrat.net/library/UrduBooks/ahkam-e-shariat/index.php?page=101
Page 101 of the book "Ahkam-e-Shariat" by Ahmad Raza Barelvi: a woman can't leave house without husband's permission except for visiting her mahram relatives, and even among mahram relatives, she can visit her parents after every 8 days and that too from dawn till dusk, and other relatives after a year, and she can't go anywhere during the night.
https://www.al-islam.org/code-ethics-muslim-men-and-women-sayyid-masud-masumi/rules-relating-marriage-and-its-ceremonies
It is haram for the wife to leave the house without the permission of her husband and it does not matter if the woman’s father has given her permission.
http://www.rferl.org/content/article/1342747.html
August 11, 2003: Grand Ayatollah Hussein Nuri-Hamedani issued a statement on 2 August about the legislature's recent ratification of a bill on Iranian membership in the UN Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women (CEDAW; see "RFE/RL Iran Report," 28 July 2003), ISNA reported. The ayatollah described the convention as calamitous and tragic, as well as a Western and U.S. ploy to harm Islam. He said that when the convention was brought to Qom all the religious authorities opposed it because it was contrary to Islam.
Nuri-Hamedani's statement expressed confidence that the Guardians Council, which must vet all legislation's compatibility with Islam and with the constitution, will reject it. It concluded by cautioning that religious authorities, clerics, and seminaries "will never remain silent in the face of moves of this kind that contravene Islam and will perform their Islamic duty and cry out: 'Where is the sixth [parliament] headed?'"
Nuri-Hamedani is perhaps the most senior cleric to speak out, but he is not alone in opposing the legislation. In Tabriz on 1 August, Friday Prayer leader and Assembly of Experts member Ayatollah Mohsen Mujtahid-Shabestari voiced his opposition to Iranian adherence to the UN CEDAW, the Iranian Republic News Agency (IRNA) reported. Qom residents staged a protest rally after the 1 August Friday Prayers, "Iran Daily" reported two days later.
Three scholars -- university lecturer Ms. Ayatollahi, a seminary and university lecturer named Ms. Alasvand, and Mr. Zibainejad, who is in charge of the Qom seminary's office for women's studies and research -- commented on the issue in a studio discussion that appeared on Iranian state television on 2 August. Zibainejad said that the problem with the convention is that it is "based on similarity between men and women [and] equality between men and women." He continued, "We believe that considering that the overall subject of this convention is about equality between men and women, it runs counter to religious teachings."
Ayatollahi said that the convention runs counter to "tens of Koranic verses and hundreds of religious laws." Alasvand posited that developed countries would pressure other countries to abandon their principles.
http://www.al-islam.org/greater-sins-volume-1-ayatullah-sayyid-abdul-husayn-dastghaib-shirazi/first-greater-sin-shirk#obedience-husband-wajib-upon-wife
The Holy Prophet (S) has also said,
“Prostration of a human for another human being is not permitted. (If it had been) I would have ordered the wife to prostrate before her husband.”15
Dignity in the Marital Affairs
Numerous traditions emphasise that women should be obedient to their husbands. Apart from this, women should know that it is highly recommended that they please their husbands in all matters. It is the best worship of a woman. However to satisfy the sexual desires of the husband is absolutely Wajib according to the consensus of the scholars.
Similarly the husbands permission is required by the wife if she intends to go out. Even if she goes to visit her relatives or parents it is obligatory for her to seek the husbands permission. If she leaves the husband’s house without his permission, the angels curse her till she returns.
https://www.al-islam.org/articles/marriage-gift-youth-sajid-ali
Let us glance through a very important tradition from our fifth Imam, Imam Muhammad al-Baqir (as) in this regard. One day a lady enquired from the Holy Prophet (S) regarding the rights a husband enjoys over his wife. He (S) answered, “First and foremost is that she should obey him and refrain from disobedience. She must not donate anything from the house without his permission nor can she keep recommended fasts without his approval. She must never deny him his physical rights nor deprive him of it's pleasures. If she steps out of the house without his permission, the angels of the heaven and the earth, of wrath and mercy, curse her till she returns to her house. [Makaaremul Akhlaq]
....
In yet another tradition the Holy Prophet (S) said, “A woman who goes out of her house without the permission of her husband becomes the target of divine curse till she returns to her house or her husband is satisfied with her.” [Nahjul Fasaahah].
...
Lastly, to end this chapter, let us see the fate of that wife who does not sleep with her husband. The Messenger of Islam (S) is reported to have said, “Any woman who sleeps at a distance from her husband (i.e. is not next to him during the night) is cursed by the angels till morning sets in.” [Nahjul Fasaahah, Pg. 36].
http://www.al-islam.org/greater-sins-volume-1-ayatullah-sayyid-abdul-husayn-dastghaib-shirazi/first-greater-sin-shirk#non-essential-expenses-should-have-prior-sanction-husband
Non-Essential Expenses Should Have the Prior Sanction of the Husband
Apart from the necessary expenses, the wife should obtain the husband’s permission for other things even if she wants to spend from her personal wealth. But in case of obligatory expenses she does not need the husband’s permission. For example, Hajj, Zakat, Khums and even for spending upon her parents. Even if the husband restrains her she must carry out these obligations. If a woman obeys her husband to please Allah (S.w.T.), she has undoubtedly obeyed the Divine commands and the instructions of the Holy Prophet (S). It is certainly the best worship for a woman.
http://www.al-islam.org/marriage-and-morals-islam-sayyid-muhammad-rizvi/chapter-three-islamic-sexual-morality-2-its#1-bulugh-rushd
In Islamic legal definition puberty (bulugh) is determined by one of the following:
1. Age: fifteen lunar years for boys and nine lunar years for girls;
2. Internal change (in boys only): The first nocturnal emission. Semen accumulates in the testicles from puberty onwards and more semen may be formed than the system can assimilate; when this happens, semen is expelled during the sleep. This is known as nocturnal emission wet dream or ihtlam in Arabic.
3. Physical change: Growth of coarse hair on lower part of abdomen.
Since the sexual urge begins at puberty and as Islam says that sexual urge should be fulfilled only through marriage, it has allowed marriage as soon as the boy and the girl reach the age of puberty. In the case of girls, it not only allows them to be married as soon as they become mature, but also recommends such marriage.
It is based on such teachings that Islam discourages girls from postponing their marriage because of education; instead, it says that girls should get married and then continue their education if they wish to do so.
http://www.imamreza.net/eng/imamreza.php?id=6186
Some of the rights of the husband include: The woman should submit herself to her husband's sexual desires whenever he needs her. The woman should obey her husband in all moral and religious affairs. The woman should seek her husband's permission to leave the house, except for the required pilgrimage to Mecca.
...
It is obligatory for the wife to sexually submit herself to her husband at times when there is no religious excuse. It is even recommended that she declares her readiness to him.
....
The Prophet (S.A.W.) has ordered a woman not to leave the house without her husband's consent. And if she does so without his permission, all the heavenly angels and each jinn or man who passes by her will damn her until she returns home. Imam Sadiq said: One of the men from the Helpers (Ansar) went on a trip and ordered his wife not to leave the house until he returned home. Her father got ill while her husband was away. She sent a messenger to the Prophet (S.A.W.) asking him if she could visit her father. The Prophet (S.A.W.) replied that she should obey her husband and stay at home. Her father got worse and she sent another message but received the same reply. Her father passed away and she sent another messenger to go and pray for her father, but she received the same reply. They buried her father but the woman stayed at home. The Prophet (S.A.W.) sent a messenger to her and he said that God forgave you and your father for obeying your husband.
http://en.shabestan.ir/detail/News/6096
Prophet (Pbuh) asked if he should talk to us in this regard, and we welcomed his proposal. He said the best of your women is one who is kind; bears children; is chaste; is respected in her family; and is humble to her husband; beutifies herself only for her husband and is respectful but indifferent to others; obeys her husband; submits to him in private but does not act like dirty old men. [Bihar al-Anwar, v.100, p.235]
....
The sixth Imam (Pbuh) said: The best of your women is one who smells good; cooks well; spends properly; abstains from spending at the right time. Such women are agents of God. For them there is no disappointment. They shall not be sorry. [Marriage in Islam, p.61] 31- The Prophet (Pbuh) said: The most blessed wife is one who imposes the least expenses upon her husband. [Marriage in Islam, p.70]
http://www.imamreza.net/eng/imamreza.php?id=6186
Some of the rights of the husband include: The woman should submit herself to her husband's sexual desires whenever he needs her. The woman should obey her husband in all moral and religious affairs. The woman should seek her husband's permission to leave the house, except for the required pilgrimage to Mecca.
...
It is obligatory for the wife to sexually submit herself to her husband at times when there is no religious excuse. It is even recommended that she declares her readiness to him.
....
The Prophet (S.A.W.) has ordered a woman not to leave the house without her husband's consent. And if she does so without his permission, all the heavenly angels and each jinn or man who passes by her will damn her until she returns home. Imam Sadiq said: One of the men from the Helpers (Ansar) went on a trip and ordered his wife not to leave the house until he returned home. Her father got ill while her husband was away. She sent a messenger to the Prophet (S.A.W.) asking him if she could visit her father. The Prophet (S.A.W.) replied that she should obey her husband and stay at home. Her father got worse and she sent another message but received the same reply. Her father passed away and she sent another messenger to go and pray for her father, but she received the same reply. They buried her father but the woman stayed at home. The Prophet (S.A.W.) sent a messenger to her and he said that God forgave you and your father for obeying your husband.
http://en.shabestan.ir/detail/News/6096
Prophet (Pbuh) asked if he should talk to us in this regard, and we welcomed his proposal. He said the best of your women is one who is kind; bears children; is chaste; is respected in her family; and is humble to her husband; beutifies herself only for her husband and is respectful but indifferent to others; obeys her husband; submits to him in private but does not act like dirty old men. [Bihar al-Anwar, v.100, p.235]
....
The sixth Imam (Pbuh) said: The best of your women is one who smells good; cooks well; spends properly; abstains from spending at the right time. Such women are agents of God. For them there is no disappointment. They shall not be sorry. [Marriage in Islam, p.61] 31- The Prophet (Pbuh) said: The most blessed wife is one who imposes the least expenses upon her husband. [Marriage in Islam, p.70]
http://www.nytimes.com/2003/05/25/international/worldspecial/25WOME.html
May
25, 2003: Like many Iraqis, Thawra Yousif Jacob has no job these days.
But Ms. Jacob, a 43-year-old dancer and theater director, fears that
with the empowerment of Shiite clerics in southern Iraq, she may not be
able to resume her career.
After
Saddam Hussein's government fell, the three main theaters here were
taken over by the three rival Shiite Muslim factions. The University of
Basra, where Ms. Jacob taught drama, was closed after it was looted and
badly damaged.
"Frankly,
from March until now, the fall of Saddam was like a good dream," she
said. "But now the situation is like a nightmare. I do not know if I
would be able to have my dancing classes or direct a play anymore."
....
The
Shiite clerics have moved quickly to constrain the freedom of women as a
show of their authority. That has left many women in these southern
cities, especially professionals like Ms. Jacob, wrestling with the
losses and gains in the post-Hussein era.
The
cleric appointed to run the educational system in Basra, Ahmad
al-Malek, declared that female teachers would not be allowed to receive
their emergency salary payment if they appeared without a head scarf.
Female
students at the university said they were being harassed by followers
of these Shiite clerics for not wearing head scarves, and many shops in
the market have put up signs that read, "My sister, cover your hair."
Ms.
Jacob said she wore a head scarf when she went to get her payment and
has begun wearing it when she goes to the market. "But I refuse to wear
it at university because I do not want them to impose it on me," she
added.
...
In
more conservative cities, like Najaf, the burial place of Ali,
Muhammad's son-in-law and the founder of the Shiite branch of Islam, no
woman is seen in public without an abaya, a head-to-toe black garment.
Religious men are vocal in criticizing women, even foreign women, who do
not wear an abaya there.
Sundis
Abdul Sadegh, a 26-year-old nurse in the city of Amara, 110 miles north
of here, said her husband had allowed her to work only because her
salary was more than his income as a shopkeeper. She said her family had
ordered her not to speak to the British soldiers in the city.
"I
listen to him because it is the order of religious men that it is
forbidden for women to speak to foreigners," she said, wearing a gray
head scarf.
Muhammad
Qassem Malek, a student at the University of Basra and a nephew of the
man in charge of the educational system, explained the reason for such
an order: "There is a special softness to women's voices, and because of
that they can speak flirtatiously. So it is better for them and society
not to speak to American and British soldiers."
Mr.
Malek, 28, added that in the mid-1990's, he became a follower of the
teachings of Ayatollah Muhammad Bakr al-Sadr, an influential Shiite
leader who had been killed by Mr. Hussein. Ayatollah Sadr had made
strong pronouncements about how women should dress, and Mr. Malek
considers himself on a mission to make sure women observe his edicts.
At
the university he approaches women who are not wearing a head scarf,
which is called a hijab. "Sometimes they swear at me and tell me to get
lost, but I see it as my religious obligation," he said. "Some of them
have listened and have become good Muslim women."
Ayatollah
Muhammad Bakr al-Hakim, leader of the influential Supreme Council of
Islamic Revolution, returned to Iraq early in May after 23 years of
exile in Iran, and he invited all Shiites, including women, to take part
in the development of the country. He said on the day he arrived here
that women, especially educated and professional women, should not
remain at home. Rather, he invited them to work and to contribute to the
reconstruction of the country.
But
Ms. Jacob is not confident this will enable her to resume her career.
Ayatollah Hakim's party is one of the groups that have taken over the
theaters in Basra.
http://www.seekerspath.co.uk/question-bank/women-issues/q-id0144-women-travelling-without-a-mahram/
It is in al-Fatawa al-Hindiyyah :-
“It is not permissible for a woman to travel on a distance of three days or more (which is equal to 57.5 miles) without a Mahram. She cannot travel with other women, she needs to accompany her husband or a Mahram.” [Kitab al-Salah, vol.1, p. 142]
To such an extent, she cannot even embark upon a spiritual journey to Hajj without her husband or any Mahram.
Imam Ahmed Rida Khan (رحمة الله عليه) was asked regarding a woman whether she is allowed to go to Hajj without her husband. He wrote:
“If the Mahram is with her then she can, otherwise she is not allowed to.” [Fatawa-e-Ridawiyyah, vol. 23, p. 107].
......
The fatwa in Bahare shariat is on one day’s journeying due to the fasad of these times according to a riwayah from Imam Abu Hanifah and Qadi Abu Yusuf rahimahumullah
“It is not permitted for a woman to travel the distance of 3 days journeying or more without a mahram, in fact even the distance of 1 days journeying (approx 19 miles).” [Bahare Shariat vol 1 pg 752]
http://tahaffuz.com/3854/#.VxT8xxMrLwd
ڈاکٹر طاہر القادری نے 1985ء میں محض مغرب زدہ عورتوں میں مقبولیت حاصل کرنے کی غرض سے (جیسا کہ انہوں نے ایک مجلس میں اعتراف بھی کیا تھا) احادیث صریحہ اور اجماع ائمہ اربعہ کے خلاف ’’عورت کی دیت (خون بہا) کو مرد کے برابر قرار دیا‘‘ تو ڈاکٹر موصوف کے استاذ غزالی زماں علامہ سید احمد سعید کاظمی رحمتہ اﷲ علیہ نے اپنے رسالے ’’اسلام میں عورت کی دیت‘‘ میں ڈاکٹر موصوف کے اس نظریہ کو صراط مستقیم سے انحراف اور قرآنی احکام کو مسخ کرنے کی سعی مذموم قرار دیا۔ جبکہ ڈاکٹر موصوف کے دوسرے استاذ، استاذ العلماء حضرت مولانا عطاء محمد بندیالوی گولڑوی رحمتہ اﷲ علیہ نے اپنے دیت کے موضوع پر مطبوعہ رسالے میں ڈاکٹر موصوف کی تکفیر کی۔
Fatwa
no. 15: "It is mustahab (desirable) to lock up/imprison the woman at
home, so she does not leave without necessity, and none among the men
enters upon her." This fatwa has been quoted from the renowned book
"Urwatul Wuthqa" (by Ayatullah Kadhim al Yazdi, Volume 2) which is
needless of any introduction (as it is an extremely famous fiqh book and
among the core text books at all hawzas). Majority of the scholars
(maraji) who succeeded the author (Ayatullah Kadhim al Yazdi) annotated
upon this book. The one who differed in view would add his fatwa in the
footnote of the disputed fatwa while leaving the consented upon fatwa
(s) without a footnote. As for the previous fatwa which has been quoted
(locking up women at home being mustahab), distinguished scholars
(maraji) left it unannotated, which means that they fully agreed with
it.
ذكر صاحب العروة الوثقى ج ص 633( يستحب حبس المرأة في البيت فلا تخرج إلا لضرورة و لا يدخل عليها أحد من الرجال
ووافقه على ذلك الإمام الراحل و السيد الخوئي و السيد الكلبيكاني و الشيخ الأراكي و السيد محسن الحكيم
ووافقه على ذلك الإمام الراحل و السيد الخوئي و السيد الكلبيكاني و الشيخ الأراكي و السيد محسن الحكيم
Ayatullah Kadhim al Yazdi wrote in "Urwatul Wuthqa" (Volume 2, Page613): "It
is mustahab (desirable) to lock up/imprison the woman at home, so she
does not leave without necessity, and none among the men enters upon
her.", and Ayatullah Khomeini, Ayatullah Khoei, Ayatullah Gulpaygani, Ayatullah Araki and Ayatullah Syed Muhsin al Hakim agreed with this ruling.
http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/middle_east/4436445.stm
12 April 2005:
None of the 13 women in the Iranian parliament took part in the debate. The conditions for allowing abortion still remain very stringent.
Both parents must agree and they need three doctors, as well as the coroner's office, to confirm the foetus is damaged or the mother's life at risk.
Under this new bill, even if a woman is pregnant as a result of rape she still doesn't have the right to an abortion.
Under the existing law, an illegal abortionist and the mother in question can be sentenced to between three to 10 years in jail.
http://usatoday30.usatoday.com/news/world/iraq/2005-05-04-pleasure-marriage_x.htm
May 4, 2005: Contracts for pleasure marriage strongly favor men. Married women can't enter a muta'a,
although a married man can. Men can void the contract at any time; women
don't have that option unless it's negotiated at the outset. The couple
agrees not to have children. A woman who unintentionally gets pregnant
can have an abortion but must then pay a fine to a cleric.
http://www.sistani.org/english/book/48/2350/
2433. A woman with whom temporary marriage is contracted, is not entitled to subsistence even if she becomes pregnant.
2434. A woman with whom temporary marriage is contracted, is not entitled to share the conjugal bed of her husband, and does not inherit from him, and the husband, too, does not inherit from her. However, if one or both lay down a condition regarding inheriting each other, such a stipulation is a matter of Ishkal as far as its validity is concerned, but even then, precaution should be exercised by putting it into effect.
2435. If a woman with whom temporary marriage is contracted, did not know that she was not entitled to any subsistence and sharing her husband's conjugal bed, still her marriage will be valid, and inspite of this lack of knowledge, she has no right to claim anything from her husband.
2436. If a wife of temporary marriage goes out of the house without the permission of her husband, and the right of the husband is in anyway violated, it is haraam for her to leave. And if the right of her husband remains protected, it is a recommended precaution that she should not leave the house without his permission.
https://web.archive.org/web/20041112095350/http://www.dailytimes.com.pk/default.asp?page=story_4-11-2003_pg3_7
GEO TV (23 September 2003) had host Hamid Mir discussing the latest report of the Commission for the Rights of Women with chairperson of the Commission, Justice (Retd) Majida Rizvi and Dr Kausar Fardaus of Jamaat Islami. Justice Rizvi said that by removing a woman’s witness from Hudood cases the government had caused a serious lapse of justice. The non-Muslims came under Hudood laws but could not be witnesses in the cases under Hudood nor could a non-Muslim officer preside in the court. Crime committed by man in a woman’s hostel could not be punished under Hudood because the violated women there could not be witnesses against the man. If Hudood laws are repealed and the judges are allowed to punish crime under the Islamic law of Tazir, justice would be upheld. Not a single person had been stoned to death in Pakistan under Hudood but Pakistan’s name had been smeared in the world. Dr Kausar Fardaus denied that there were a large number of women in prisons because of Hudood but she accepted that certain Hudood Laws had to be amended to remove the contradictions. She was against the repeal of Hudood laws.
http://zeenews.india.com/news/world/irans-hardliners-go-ballistic-over-stadium-sex-threat_292037.html
https://next.ft.com/content/1f1474a0-d54c-11da-93bc-0000779e2340
April 26, 2006: Some of Iran’s most senior clerics issued rulings this week condemning a decision by President Mahmoud Ahmadi-Nejad allowing women to sit in the stands at top matches.
.......
But the reform has met strong opposition from parts of the religious establishment. Grand Ayatollah Fazel Lankarani ruled that it was forbidden for women to see “men’s bodies even if not to gain pleasure” and suggested separate stadiums for women to watch women’s football.
On Wednesday Grand Ayatollah Nasser Makarem Shirazi told students in the holy city of Qom that he was awaiting a response after writing to the president expressing surprise at a decision taken without consulting the religious authorities.
“When everybody is at home and can comfortably watch games on television, why should it be necessary for women and families to be in the unsafe atmosphere of stadiums?” he was reported to have said by an official news agency. More than half of the parliament’s members were reported to be writing to the president to persuade him to change his mind.
http://lb-gooya-2122415663.eu-west-1.elb.amazonaws.com/politics/archives/047128.php
2006: Grand Ayatollah Hosein Nouri Hamedani issues fatwa against women attending stadiums.
http://www.urdupoint.com/pakistan/news/islamabad/all/live-news-11984.html
Nov 14, 2006: Women wing of Jamiat Ulema Pakistan (JUP) oppose women protection bill.
http://www.feministpeacenetwork.org/2006/12/07/a-message-from-yanar-mohammed/
http://www.feministezine.com/feminist/international/OWFI-Report-on-Iraqi-Women.html
Nov 2006: On Thursday November 9, one of these executions was witnessed by an OWFI activist who was assigned to go and investigate the previous killing of two girls. While passing in Nuwab Al Thubat, pedestrians were surprised to hear a young woman screaming in that area. She was pulled by armed members of Al Mahdi militia, beaten badly in front of all. She was dragged by a wire wound around her neck to a close-by football field and then hung to the goal post. They pierced all her body with bullets. Her brother came running trying to defend his sister. He was also shot and killed.
Al Mahdi Shia militia guards - many of whom work as policemen – volunteer to punish “adulterer” women by torture and public execution.
Although the Shia clerics have legalized Mutaa (pleasure) temporary marriages, most of the women who practice it are subject to honour-killing at the hand of their male relatives or the volunteering Al Mahdi Militia.
Sunni Militias: kill both women and men who practice some suspected behavior. If a young man stares at a girl or smokes a cigarette, he will be flogged and maybe killed.
Although honour killing numbers rose considerably after the war, systemic public executions of women is a new phenomenon. In our estimation, no less than 30 women are executed monthly for honour related reasons at the hands of these militias in Baghdad and suburbs.
http://www.asianews.it/news-en/Teheran-steps-up-gender-segregation-7784.html
18 Nov 2006: The latest initiative comes from the head of Administration and Finance of the Social Welfare Organization, Akbar Abbasi Maleki, who sent an official memorandum to his regional directors nationwide, instructing them to expedite "gender segregation in work places in order to preserve Islamic culture".
Meanwhile, the government daily Khorrasan mentioned a project to set up women-only clinics. According to sources of the Iranian Health Ministry, "the construction of women-only hospitals was deliberated by the department even before the project was approved by the government ministers."
http://www.rferl.org/a/1072951.html
http://www.rferl.org/content/article/1072951.html
24 Nov 2006: A new park for women is due to open in the capital, Tehran, and reports say plans are under way for single-sex hospitals and women-only public transport.
.....
Ahmadinejad said in October that women should devote more time to their main mission of raising children. He suggested that women can work part-time on full-time salaries. The comments were denounced by activists as an attempt to isolate women.
One senior cleric, Grand Ayatollah Safi Golpayegani, recently described mountain hiking by women as shameful, and said there is no honor in women being elected to city councils. He instead praised housekeeping as a "holy" job.
http://www.dawn.com/news/221713/karachi-rally-held-against-women-protection-bill
Dec 3, 2006: Participants of a rally organised on Sunday by the Markazi Jamaat Ahle Sunnat, Karachi chapter, reiterated their resolve to resist any move to make the newly-passed bill on women protection a part of the Constitution.
The rally was addressed by President of the Jamiat Ulema-i-Pakistan Shah Anas Noorani, chief of the Sunni Tehrik Serwat Ejaz Qadri, Sindh chief of the Markazi Jamaat Ahle Sunnat Mufti Jan Mohammad Naeemi and JUP leader Shabbir Abu Talib, besides several other leaders.
http://www.dawn.com/news/221916/jup-s-abul-khair-resigns-from-na
Dec 4, 2006: "HYDERABAD: Jamiat Ulema-i-Pakistan’s parliamentary leader in the National Assembly and a central leader of the MMA, Dr Sahibzada Abul Khair Muhammad Zubair, has announced his resignation from the National Assembly in protest against the passage of the Protection of Women Act by parliament.
Speaking at a news conference at the press club here on Monday, he said the act was passed when he was in Alwer (India) to attend the Urs of Hazrat Shah Ruknuddin. He said the `so-called’ women protection act was repugnant to Islam and was aimed at exploiting women, promoting promiscuity and obscenity. He said the enforcement of this act would convert Pakistan into a `free sex zone’."
http://archives.dailytimes.com.pk/main/05-Dec-2006/another-mna-announces-resignation-karim-won-t-await-en-bloc-resignations
5 Dec 2006: "ISLAMABAD: Sahibzada Fazl Karim, chief of his own faction of the Jamiat Ulema Pakistan, has vowed to resign from parliament unilaterally even if the rest of the opposition does not, in protest at the Women's Protection Bill. Talking to reporters after boycotting proceedings of the NA Standing Committee on Religious Affairs, Sahibzada said he wrote a letter to ARD Chairman Makhdoom Amin Fahim asking him to convene a meeting of the alliance to decide about the resignations. "If the ARD leadership does not decide on en bloc resignations soon, I will submit my resignation alone," he said. MNA resignation: MMA MNA Dr Abul Khair Zubair announced his resignation from the National Assembly on Monday in protest against the Women's Protection Bill, which he said was un-Islamic."
http://www.geourdu.com/17-231/
10 Dec 2006: Pir Afzal Qadri opposed women protection bill.
http://archives.dailytimes.com.pk/karachi/07-Apr-2007/sexual-violence-the-hudood-ordinance-and-the-women-s-protection-act
April 7, 2007: "KARACHI: Some people have argued that amendments to the Hudood Ordinance and the Women's Protection Act (WPA) have led to an "increase in the number of incidents of sexual violence" in the city. The numbers collected from police stations have, however, a different story to tell. Addressing an anti-WPA rally on Dec 3 last year, Jamiat Ulema-e-Pakistan (JUP) President (and MMA senior vice president), Maulana Shah Anas Noorani had described the bill as an open license for the promotion of "vulgarity, immorality and obscenity in the country". Many scholars subsequently backed this claim by saying that the bill would "give a free hand to rapists".....
"Of course the WPA is not protecting women. The statistics that you're talking about are not reliable," Sahebzada Abul Khair Muhammad Zubair, a central leader of the MMA, told Daily Times. "The problem is, a lot of the cases aren't even registered. If you check that number out, you'll see that the number of cases of sexual violence are actually increasing.""
http://iranliberty.org.uk/iran-news/women/455-top-shia-cleric-in-iran-says-unveiled-women-turn-men-into-beasts-
http://www1.adnkronos.com/AKI/English/Politics/?id=1.0.2060269060
April 10, 2008: A top Shia cleric in Iran has said that unveiled women are a serious danger to Iranian society as they cause men to be "transformed into beasts".
"Women without the veil are a danger that the authorities underestimate," said Hojatolislam Seyyed Ahmad Elmalhoda, a powerful cleric who leads the Friday prayers in Mashad, a site considered sacred for Shia Muslims as it houses the shrine of Imam Reza.
"This situation is very serious in that if men see these bad women, they will turn into beasts, and then the whole of society will have to pay the consequences."
According to the Shia cleric, women who do not respect conservative Islamic dress rules are "sources of all that is bad in society."
"Respecting the chador (a long, black cloak that covers the arms and legs and is usually worn with a hijab) is the law of the state and the authorities must severely punish anyone who does not respect this law, in the same way that they punish thieves and murderers," said Elmadhoda.
He is who is also a member of the Council of Experts - a powerful body of 86 senior clerics which elects, supervises and can dismiss the country's supreme leader.
He was speaking to journalists who were reporting on president Mahmoud Ahmadinejad's visit to the shrine of Imam Reza.
"A women who does not wear the entire veil is like a fire which burns anyone who comes into contact with her," said Elmalhoda.
"Our youth, even those who are educated by families who believe and respect the words of the Prophet, when they come into contact with this fire [the women who are not properly veiled] they burn and become ash," he said.
http://www1.adnkronos.com/AKI/English/Religion/?id=1.0.2200287203
May 27, 2008: Tehran, 27 May (AKI) - A top Iranian cleric from the northeast, Ayatollah Ahmad Elmalhoda, has reportedly called feminists "whores and foreign spies".
"These whores, clutching a piece of paper in their hands to gather signatures, are working for foreign powers and want to destabilise the Islamic Republic," said Elmalhoda.
He is the highly influential prayer leader in the northeastern holy Shia city of Mashad. Elmalhoda has called on the government to "intervene decisively against these whores, because it is improper to leave them to act with impunity."
A few weeks ago, Elmalhoda said women who do not wear the Islamic veil as instructed "turned men into animals." Verbal attacks against feminists in Iran are also being accompanied by a vast judicial offensive. Eight feminists involved in a campaign to gather "a million signatures in favour of equality" were recently given jail terms of various lengths and sentenced to public floggings.
The Iranian authorities have in the last two weeks censured twelve websites close to the feminist movement.
http://www.rferl.org/content/article/1185739.html
July 23, 2008:
The restrictive dress code has prevented Iranian women from participating in many sports, such as swimming, diving, and other water sports, along with gymnastics, running events, and cycling.
Many Iranian sportswomen say they find it difficult to move in heavy, loose clothes -- especially in hot weather. Besides, they have to pay close attention to make sure that their hair or the skin on their arms or legs does not unexpectedly show while they are competing. Such "mistakes" in the heat of competition can result in a heavy price being paid by the women athletes.
Ramoneh Lazar, a member of Iran's rowing team, was expelled from the national team after her ankles were seen inside her boat during a competition in Bangkok.
Additionally, representatives of Iran's intelligence services follow the women athletes everywhere -- including at international competitions -- to ensure they don't violate any Islamic rules.
President Mahmud Ahmadinejad's government actually tried to promote greater female participation in sports during the early days of his term. However, after facing vocal opposition and fierce criticism from religious leaders, his government gave up on the initiative.
Indeed, the pressure from religious leaders on the issue is strong. Ayatollah Alam Alhoda is one of many influential clerics who virulently oppose women's involvement in any sports activity. During a sermon after recent Friday Prayers in the Mashhad city mosque, the ayatollah said it is "unlawful" for women to participate in sports.
Another Iranian mullah said that women should not ski because "during skiing they have to move their knees and it looks more like dancing than sport."
Faced with dress restrictions and vociferous opposition, Iranian women participate in those sports that are compatible with the dress code, such as archery, rowing, soccer, and other events where the hijab and loose clothing might be uncomfortable and disadvantageous, but still allow them to compete.
Tae kwon do and kickboxing are hugely popular among Iranian women, but some mullahs say they are bothered by the fact that at the end of a match the male referees must hold the female competitors' hands in order to raise the hand of the winner.
Male coaches of women's teams also have difficulties, and their role has often been the subject of debate. When a female team has a male coach, the team members have to obey the dress code even during training because of the presence of the male coach or trainer.
And to make their jobs even more difficult, male coaches are required to keep a clear physical distance between themselves and the female athletes they instruct.
http://www1.adnkronos.com/AKI/English/Sport/?id=1.0.2403699726
August 8, 2008: Iranian religious figures have criticised that Olympic female rower Homa Hosseini was chosen as the flagbearer of Iran, calling the move a 'heresy'.
"To make a woman march with the flag of the Islamic Republic in Beijing, is pure heresy and shows total disobedience of the laws mandated by our spiritual guides," said Seyye Ahmad Elmalhoda, leader of Friday prayers in Iran's holy city of Mashad.
Hosseini, 19, grew up in Iran's Kermanshah province in western Iran, she is one of three Iranian female competitors at the Olympic Games and Iran's first ever female rower. The other two female competitors are Najmeh Abtin (archery) and Sara Khosjamal (Tae Kwon Do).
"To make this woman march means to openly declare war to our religious values. Whoever is responsible for this unforgivable act, he should know that this gesture constitutes an obstacle for the 'appearance' of Mahdi," said Elmalhoda.
He was referring to the mainly Shia Islam belief that imam Mohammed al-Mahdi will appear to fight a final apocalyptic battle over the forces of evil.
Followers believe he was born in the year 868 and has been in hiding ever since awaiting a decision from god to reappear.
Nov
24, 2008: "HYDERABAD: Speakers at a seminar at a local hotel on
Sunday rejected the recommendations of the Council of Islamic
Ideology (CII) and demanded immediate removal of its chairman and
members. The seminar was organised by Sunni Tehrik. Speaking on the
occasion, Jamiat Ulema-i-Pakistan chief Dr Sahibzada Abul Khair
Mohammad Zubair said that the recommendations
of the CII about marriage and divorce were a violation of Islamic
laws. He said that the country was in the grip of internal and
external conspiracies and the CII by its un-Islamic recommendations
had created more religious problems."
http://www.theguardian.com/world/2008/nov/30/iraq-honor-killings-women
Nov 30, 2008: Authorities in the southern Iraqi city of Basra have admitted they are powerless to prevent 'honour killings' in the city following a 70 per cent increase in religious murders during the past year.
June 5, 2009: Women’s activists say that even divorce cases filed by abandoned women who have the right to seek Khula under the Shariah – ask for divorce without the need to state reasons –were invariably rejected on trivial grounds.
Shariah courts grant divorce only when women can prove they were physically abused by their husbands. Separation is not considered a ground for divorce.
Take the case of Ruqaya, a Shiite, who works in the Ministry of Health, and has supported her three daughters for five years. Her husband left her to marry another woman. When she filed for divorce, she was blacklisted in her village. Worse, the Shariah court rejected her divorce case.
The problem is that as a woman who is still legally married, Ruqaya cannot claim rights to housing and other social welfare measures available to Bahraini citizens. These rights can be claimed only by a husband.
Afaf Al Jamri, a Shiite activist, says she is worried that women in her community may suffer more repression from "husbands and judges". "Many women are suffering in silence, especially those who were thrown out by their husbands just because they got old and were replaced by younger wives," she told IPS in an interview.
======
Afghanistan Shia Personal Status Law (2009)
http://areu.org.af/wp-content/uploads/2016/02/935E-A-Closer-Look-The-Policy-and-Law-making-Process-Behind-the-Shitte-Personal-Stauts-Law.pdf
A detailed description of the law and the lawmaker
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mzuIgw9au8k
http://www.aparchive.com/metadata/youtube/283c8d306029d089e74a4d620a1feba9
April 11, 2009: Mohseni also argued that the law can be interpreted to mean simply sleeping in the same room as a couple every four nights, but an Associated Press translation of the pertinent article suggests this reading is unlikely. The law says that every fourth day a man "can pass the night with his wife, unless it is harmful for either side, or either of them is suffering from any kind of sexual disease. It is essential for the woman to submit to the man's sexual desire." "If she is not sick, and if she does not have another problem, it is the right of a man to ask for sex and she should make herself ready for it. This is the right of a man," Mohseni explained.
http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-1170175/New-Afghan-law-does-allow-marital-rape--lets-men-refuse-feed-wives-deny-sex-says-cleric.html
http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/asia/afghanistan/5165858/Shia-cleric-defends-law-said-to-legalise-marital-rape.html
http://www.ipsnews.net/2009/09/iran-backlash-mounts-against-women-ministers/
Sep 2, 2009: In an interview with the Farda News site, Mohammad Taghi Rahbar, head of the clerics’ faction in Parliament and an MP from Isfahan, said that at least two clerics from Qom opposed the nomination of women to ministerial positions, urging Ahmadinejad to reconsider.
....
The Friday Prayer leader of Mashad, Ayatollah Alam Alhadi, has said that the “nominations only please immoral feminists”.
Ayatollah Yousef Tabatabai-Nejad, the Friday Prayer Leader of Isfahan, has argued against the nominations on religious grounds, saying that “women who are ministers will have to be in regular contact with men and their male deputies, and will not be able to adhere fully to their religious obligations.”
http://www.dawn.com/news/912679/god-will-be-furious-if-women-become-governors
Thu, Oct 15, 2009: TEHRAN, IRAN - A top hardline Iranian cleric said on Thursday that "God's fury" would be unleashed if Iran appoints women as governors of some provinces, as was raised as a possibility by a minister last week.
"If some people want to change the principles and values of the revolution without considering the views of clerics, they will face the fury of God and of the people," Grand Ayatollah Lotfollah Safi Golpayghani said on his website.
Golpayghani was reacting to remarks by interior minister Mostafa Mohammad Najjar in the holy city of Qom last week, who when asked whether Iran would appoint women as governors of provinces, replied: "Yes. It is possible."
Golpayghani said the appointment of women in such top jobs was against sharia (Islamic) law.
"They come to Qom, the centre of Shiite Islam, and announce that they will appoint women as governors of some provinces. Do you want to fight with the Koran and the Prophet with such talks that go against sharia?" he asked.
"Who are you against? God's rule or the definite rules of religion?" Iranian President Mahmoud Ahmadinejad has also faced stiff resistance from hardline clerics, including Golpayghani, in appointing women as cabinet ministers.
Lawmakers, however, did approve one woman cabinet minister - the first female minister of the Islamic republic - during a vote of confidence in September.
In recent years Iranian women have outnumbered men in universities but they still account for only around 15 percent of the official work force.
Since the 1979 Islamic revolution, women have been banned from becoming judges and suffer from legal inequalities with men in marriage, divorce and inheritance.
https://www.theguardian.com/uk/2009/dec/17/honour-killing-tulay-goren
http://www.rutlandherald.com/apps/pbcs.dll/article?AID=/20091218/NEWS04/912180311/-1/RSS10?template=printart
http://www.metro.us/news/kurdish-man-convicted-of-murdering-daughter-who-fell-in-love-with-wrong-kind-of-muslim/tmWilq---07YOoDuhnNEeo/
Dec 17, 2009: LONDON - A Kurdish father has been convicted and sentenced to life in prison for murdering his 15-year-old daughter because she fell in love with a follower of a different branch of Islam.
A London judge gave Mehmet Goren, 49, a minimum 22-year prison sentence Thursday for his so-called "honour killing" of daughter Tulay, who disappeared a decade ago and was never found. He also was convicted of attacking her boyfriend with an axe.
Prosecutor Damaris Lakin said the fish-and-chip server killed his daughter for having a relationship with a Sunni Muslim. The Gorens adhered to the Alevi branch of the faith, which is linked to the rival Shiite sect of Islam.
"He killed his own daughter because he believed that she had shamed him," Lakin told the court. "His conviction today shows that the true shame was, and always will be, his to bear."
http://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-women-should-produce-groom-children-kalbe-jawwad-1358839
http://www.hindustantimes.com/india/muslim-women-reject-cleric-s-advice-to-stay-away-from-politics/story-CAl077z8yhGncAzclIY8xL.html
March 16, 2010: Even as the debate over the women's reservation bill continues, Shia cleric Maulana Syed Kalbe Jawwad had said Saturday that women should have no role in politics and stay at home. "They should become mothers of good leaders rather than try to be leaders themselves," he reportedly said. Also, the Lucknow-based Nadwatul Ulema had also issued a "fatwa" (edict) against Muslim women's participation in politics, in line with the 2005 fatwa of the influential Darul Uloom Deoband, which contends that Muslim women cannot remain in purdah when in politics.
http://www.rferl.org/content/Maybe_Irans_Women_Really_Can_Cause_An_Earthquake/2028935.html
http://www.rferl.org/content/The_HijabAdulteryEarthquake_Link/2016083.html
http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/middle-east/promiscuous-women-cause-earthquakes-claims-iranian-cleric-10229912.html
http://www.nytimes.com/2010/04/20/world/middleeast/20briefs-Iran.html
April 19, 2010: A senior Iranian cleric says women who wear immodest clothing and behave promiscuously are to blame for earthquakes. “Many women who do not dress modestly lead young men astray, corrupt their chastity and spread adultery in society, which increases earthquakes,” the cleric, Hojatoleslam Kazem Sedighi, was quoted as saying by Iranian media. Mr. Sedighi is Tehran’s acting Friday Prayer leader.
=================
Hijab posters
http://dw.com/p/1HZeZ
Hijab posters in Iran
http://www.rferl.org/content/A_Woman_Without_Hijab_Is_Like_A_Chair_With_Three_Legs/2114502.html
July 30, 2010: A woman without hijab is like a chair with three legs," says an Iranian government poster in support of the compulsory hijab for women.
https://twitter.com/Tavaana/status/786808969494835201
https://twitter.com/RZimmt/status/787062194081001472
Oct 14, 2016: Cultural Dept of Azad University in Sarein Ardabil #Iran offers 15% tuition fee discount 4 women wearing proper #hijab.
https://twitter.com/GEsfandiari/status/787650615006625792
Oct 16, 2016: Another senseless pro-hijab poster: #Iran women who don't fully observe compulsory hijab(majority)likened 2 porcupines Via @Kayvan_Hosseini
================
http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-1320815/Sheikh-Maulana-Abu-Sayeed-UK-sharia-law-leader-says-theres-thing-rape-marriage.html
http://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/home-news/rape-impossible-in-marriage-says-muslim-cleric-2106161.html
Oct 15, 2010: Sheikh Maulana Abu Sayeed, president of the Islamic Sharia Council in Britain, sparked outrage when he said he believed that men who rape their wives should not be prosecuted because 'sex is part of marriage'. He further claimed, during an interview with the blog The Samosa, that many married women who made accusations of rape were lying."
http://www.thenational.ae/news/world/middle-east/women-cyclists-face-jail-warns-iranian-police-chief#full
http://www.rferl.org/content/Iran_Athlete_Married/2228470.html
Nov 23, 2010: Iranian athlete Khadijeh Azadpour, who won a gold medal at the 16th Asian Games in Guangzhou, China, says that officials told her she would only be given the apartment she was promised as a reward for winning a gold medal if she got married.
http://www.rferl.org/content/article/2237033.html
Dec 2, 2010: Grand Ayatollah Safi Golpayegani said on November 30 that sending Iranian female athletes to international events is a "disgrace" and should not be allowed.
His comments come after Iran sent 88 sportswomen to China to take part in last month's 2010 Asian Games -- the biggest contingent since the 1979 Revolution. More than a dozen won medals, including Khadijeh Azadpour, who won a gold medal in the women's Wushu competition.
Golpayegani, 91, a Shi'ite source of emulation in the holy city of Qom, is not the first conservative cleric to deplore the participation of female Iranian athletes in foreign competitions.
Ahmad Alamolhoda, the Friday Prayer leader in Mashhad, argued in 2008 that sending Iranian sportswomen to the Beijing Olympic Games and choosing a female rower, Homa Hossein, to carry the Iranian flag at the opening ceremony constituted "waging war on Islamic values."
...
Ayatollah Abbas Kabi, a member of the Society of Qom Seminary Teachers, criticized Iranian state television for showing women competing in the event. He said it was "deplorable" and "bizarre."
=================
Lebanese law on domestic violence
https://www.hrw.org/news/2011/07/06/lebanon-enact-family-violence-bill-protect-women
https://now.mmedia.me/lb/en/reportsfeatures/the_fight_for_the_right_to_beat_your_wife
July 12, 2011: Both Dar al-Fatwa, the country's highest Sunni Muslim authority, as well as the Higher Shia Islamic Council, opposed the draft law late last month on the grounds that it contradicts Islamic Sharia, which they said is enough to protect women.
Dar al-Fatwa criticized the draft law as being “Western” and for “encourage[ing] the breakdown of the family.” It also slams a clause in the bill that criminalizes marital rape as "heresy," accusing those behind the draft law of "inventing new types of crimes."
A similar view was held by the office of the late leading Shia cleric Sayyed Mohammad Hussein Fadlallah. When contacted by NOW Lebanon regarding forced marital sex in Islam, an office representative said that “In terms of forcing sex, yes, [the wife] has to provide [her husband] with this service, unless there are reasons behind why she’s withholding.” These reasons include sickness, extreme tiredness and when she is menstruating.
http://www.al-monitor.com/pulse/originals/2013/07/womens-rights-activists-lebanon-domestic-violence-law.html#ixzz48X637XEk
At the beginning of May 2011, Deputy Secretary-General of Hezbollah Sheikh Naim Qassem announced his opposition to an article in the law that stipulates the following: “Whoever coerces his wife by violence and threat into sexual intercourse shall be imprisoned for offense of domestic violence.” This article made both Sunnis and Shiites coordinate a movement rejecting women’s protection. On July 26, 2011, the Sunni Mufti reiterated again, “Muslims in Lebanon refuse a draft law that violates the Sharia provisions derived from the Quran and the Hadith, which protect and safeguard women and families in our society.” Then, on August 8, 2011, a meeting between Sunni and Shiite clerics re-stressed both parties’ rejection of the draft law that was considered to be inspired by “the directives of Western organizations and their dubious sources of funding.”
http://www.theguardian.com/world/2008/nov/30/iraq-honor-killings-women
Nov 30, 2008: Authorities in the southern Iraqi city of Basra have admitted they are powerless to prevent 'honour killings' in the city following a 70 per cent increase in religious murders during the past year.
There has been no improvement in conviction rates for these killings. So far this year, 81 women in the city have been murdered for allegedly bringing shame on their families. Only five people have been convicted. During 2007 the Basra security committee recorded 47 'honour killings' and three convictions. One lawyer in the city described how police were actively protecting perpetrators and said that a woman in Basra could now be murdered by hired hitmen for as little as $100 (£65).
...
Rand Abdel-Qader was killed after her family discovered that she had formed a friendship with a 22-year-old infantryman whom she knew as Paul. She was suffocated by her father then hacked at with a knife. Abdel-Qader Ali was subsequently arrested and released without charge.
Rand's mother, Leila Hussein, who divorced her husband after the killing, went into hiding but was tracked down weeks later and assassinated by an unknown gunman. Her husband had told The Observer that police had congratulated him for killing his daughter.
....
Mariam Ayub Sattar, an activist in Basra, said that any woman caught speaking to a man in public who was not her husband or a relative was considered a prostitute and punished. A fortnight ago three women were burned with acid while walking through a market in Basra after stopping to speak to a male friend, Sattar said.
http://content.time.com/time/world/article/0,8599,1890728,00.html
2009:
According to several activist organizations, traffickers ferry their victims overseas illegally on forged passports or "legally" through forced marriages, sometimes abusing the Islamic tradition that allows a man to have four wives. A trafficker "will marry four, he will take them to Syria, it's legal, and divorce them there, and he comes back and does it again. How can we stop it?" Salim says. Similarly, the principle of temporary marriages, known as al-Mut'a in Shi'ite Islam and al-Misyar in Sunni Islam (they can extend anywhere from two hours to six months in the Shi'ite tradition), has also been exploited to trade in women.
http://www.cbsnews.com/news/iranian-women-slowly-winning-more-rights/
Feb 2, 2009: Iran's Parliament has voted to allow widows to inherit land from their husbands, the latest in a series of tentative moves by Iranian legislators to expand the rights of women in the conservative Islamic Republic.
If approved, the bill approved last week will alter Iran's 76-year-old civil code, which was written by a committee of clergy and experts according to Islamic rules that prohibit widows from inheriting their husbands' real estate.
The current law says a widow with children can inherit one eighth of her husband's belongings; if she has no children, she can inherit a quarter of his assets — but that excludes real estate.
Over the years, the law has caused much sorrow and many a family feud, as it makes it easy for ungrateful children to essentially deny their mothers any share of the family property.
http://www.ipsnews.net/2009/06/religion-new-family-law-for-sunni-women-in-bahrain-not-for-shiites/http://content.time.com/time/world/article/0,8599,1890728,00.html
2009:
According to several activist organizations, traffickers ferry their victims overseas illegally on forged passports or "legally" through forced marriages, sometimes abusing the Islamic tradition that allows a man to have four wives. A trafficker "will marry four, he will take them to Syria, it's legal, and divorce them there, and he comes back and does it again. How can we stop it?" Salim says. Similarly, the principle of temporary marriages, known as al-Mut'a in Shi'ite Islam and al-Misyar in Sunni Islam (they can extend anywhere from two hours to six months in the Shi'ite tradition), has also been exploited to trade in women.
http://www.cbsnews.com/news/iranian-women-slowly-winning-more-rights/
Feb 2, 2009: Iran's Parliament has voted to allow widows to inherit land from their husbands, the latest in a series of tentative moves by Iranian legislators to expand the rights of women in the conservative Islamic Republic.
If approved, the bill approved last week will alter Iran's 76-year-old civil code, which was written by a committee of clergy and experts according to Islamic rules that prohibit widows from inheriting their husbands' real estate.
The current law says a widow with children can inherit one eighth of her husband's belongings; if she has no children, she can inherit a quarter of his assets — but that excludes real estate.
Over the years, the law has caused much sorrow and many a family feud, as it makes it easy for ungrateful children to essentially deny their mothers any share of the family property.
June 5, 2009: Women’s activists say that even divorce cases filed by abandoned women who have the right to seek Khula under the Shariah – ask for divorce without the need to state reasons –were invariably rejected on trivial grounds.
Shariah courts grant divorce only when women can prove they were physically abused by their husbands. Separation is not considered a ground for divorce.
Take the case of Ruqaya, a Shiite, who works in the Ministry of Health, and has supported her three daughters for five years. Her husband left her to marry another woman. When she filed for divorce, she was blacklisted in her village. Worse, the Shariah court rejected her divorce case.
The problem is that as a woman who is still legally married, Ruqaya cannot claim rights to housing and other social welfare measures available to Bahraini citizens. These rights can be claimed only by a husband.
Afaf Al Jamri, a Shiite activist, says she is worried that women in her community may suffer more repression from "husbands and judges". "Many women are suffering in silence, especially those who were thrown out by their husbands just because they got old and were replaced by younger wives," she told IPS in an interview.
======
Afghanistan Shia Personal Status Law (2009)
http://areu.org.af/wp-content/uploads/2016/02/935E-A-Closer-Look-The-Policy-and-Law-making-Process-Behind-the-Shitte-Personal-Stauts-Law.pdf
A detailed description of the law and the lawmaker
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mzuIgw9au8k
http://www.aparchive.com/metadata/youtube/283c8d306029d089e74a4d620a1feba9
April 11, 2009: Mohseni also argued that the law can be interpreted to mean simply sleeping in the same room as a couple every four nights, but an Associated Press translation of the pertinent article suggests this reading is unlikely. The law says that every fourth day a man "can pass the night with his wife, unless it is harmful for either side, or either of them is suffering from any kind of sexual disease. It is essential for the woman to submit to the man's sexual desire." "If she is not sick, and if she does not have another problem, it is the right of a man to ask for sex and she should make herself ready for it. This is the right of a man," Mohseni explained.
http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-1170175/New-Afghan-law-does-allow-marital-rape--lets-men-refuse-feed-wives-deny-sex-says-cleric.html
http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/asia/afghanistan/5165858/Shia-cleric-defends-law-said-to-legalise-marital-rape.html
April 16, 2009: "Ayatollah Mohammed Asif Mohseni defended a clause requiring a woman to wear make-up if her husband wished, saying it was designed to encourage men to take an interest in their spouses. But since the Shia personal status law was signed last month, it has drawn condemnation in Afghanistan and internationally. A clause stating that a wife must submit to her husband's advances, unless ill, has been interpreted as sanctioning rape.
A group of 300 Afghan women were stoned and subjected to verbal abuse from conservative opponents when they protested against the law outside Ayatollah Mohseni's Kabul mosque on Wednesday.
Ayatollah Mohseni, who leads Afghanistan's Shias, said the law had been misinterpreted by politically-motivated critics.
"Why should a man and woman get married if there is no need for a sexual relationship? Then they are like brother and sister," he said.
Men and women should negotiate the frequency of conjugal relations, and a woman should not be forced to say yes all the time, he said.
However he added that women do have a duty to meet their husband's needs.
"If a woman says no, the man has the right not to feed her," he said.
The make-up clause would protect relationships he added."
http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/south_asia/8000209.stm
http://www.nbcnews.com/id/30223599/#.V_Ulh5MrLwc
https://www.thestar.com/news/2009/04/16/afghan_women_protest_taliban_law.html
http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/asia/women-protesting-at-pro-rape-law-attacked-by-afghan-men-1669296.html
http://www.rferl.org/content/Afghan_Women_Protest_Against_Discriminatory_Law_/1610209.html
April 16, 2009: One of the protesters, Adele Mohseni, a young Hazara woman, spoke to RFE/RL's Radio Free Afghanistan during the protest.
"According to the Article 3 of the constitution, no one can take this right away from us. Some of the gentlemen in the Ulama Council included a few articles in the law based on the 'Tozih Masael' [Ayatollah Khomeini's book of jurisdiction].There was no need to include them in the law. They should be reviewed," Mohseni said.
Mohseni and some 200 other women began their protest in front of a madrasah run by Ayatollah Asef Mohseni, an influential Shi'ite cleric who supports the law and played a key role in drafting it.
... They were quickly surrounded by about 1,000 men and women, who accused the protesting women of being the "enemies of Islam" and "infidels."
... "They attacked us and surrounded us; they threw stones at us; some even spit on us. They insulted us; they even brought some women with them. We had no way out. But finally we made it to the parliament," Sobrang said.
http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/south_asia/8204207.stm
They accuse Mr Karzai of selling out Afghan women for the sake of conservative Shia support at next week's presidential election. "
https://www.theguardian.com/world/2009/apr/18/afghanistan-womens-rights-politicians
April 18, 2009: one of Afghanistan's most powerful Shia clerics, Mohamad Asif Mohseni, published an order on his personal television station that members of his sect must not allow their wives and daughters to attend the unprecedented and historic demonstration in Kabul against a law the UN says legalises marital rape.
https://www.afghanistan-analysts.org/the-bride-price-the-afghan-tradition-of-paying-for-wives/
The draft marriage law came into force in 1977 and articles 56 to 267 focus on family issues. However, the civil law and the Shia Personal Status Law (SPSL) are both silent on bride price. Article 121 of the SPSL, however, clearly states that the bride’s father pays for the goods the bride brings with her to her husband’s house (jahizia). It also states that if the groom or his family send the goods to the bride or her family, they remain the groom’s property. This means the bride’s family is not allowed to receive money for the purpose of buying jahizia.
============
http://www.criticalthreats.org/iran-news-roundup/iran-news-roundup-august-24-2009
August 24, 2009: Ahmadinejad defends his decision to include three women in his cabinet: "Among 313 followers of the Imam of the Era [at the time of his reemergence to start a world revolution], there are 50 women."
http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/south_asia/8000209.stm
http://www.nbcnews.com/id/30223599/#.V_Ulh5MrLwc
https://www.thestar.com/news/2009/04/16/afghan_women_protest_taliban_law.html
http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/asia/women-protesting-at-pro-rape-law-attacked-by-afghan-men-1669296.html
http://www.rferl.org/content/Afghan_Women_Protest_Against_Discriminatory_Law_/1610209.html
April 16, 2009: One of the protesters, Adele Mohseni, a young Hazara woman, spoke to RFE/RL's Radio Free Afghanistan during the protest.
"According to the Article 3 of the constitution, no one can take this right away from us. Some of the gentlemen in the Ulama Council included a few articles in the law based on the 'Tozih Masael' [Ayatollah Khomeini's book of jurisdiction].There was no need to include them in the law. They should be reviewed," Mohseni said.
Mohseni and some 200 other women began their protest in front of a madrasah run by Ayatollah Asef Mohseni, an influential Shi'ite cleric who supports the law and played a key role in drafting it.
... They were quickly surrounded by about 1,000 men and women, who accused the protesting women of being the "enemies of Islam" and "infidels."
... "They attacked us and surrounded us; they threw stones at us; some even spit on us. They insulted us; they even brought some women with them. We had no way out. But finally we made it to the parliament," Sobrang said.
http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/south_asia/8204207.stm
August 16, 2009: "An Afghan bill allowing a husband to starve his wife
if she refuses to have sex has been published in the official gazette
and become law.
The original bill caused outrage earlier
this year, forcing Afghan President Hamid Karzai to withdraw it. But
critics say the amended version of the law remains highly repressive. They accuse Mr Karzai of selling out Afghan women for the sake of conservative Shia support at next week's presidential election. "
https://www.theguardian.com/world/2009/apr/18/afghanistan-womens-rights-politicians
April 18, 2009: one of Afghanistan's most powerful Shia clerics, Mohamad Asif Mohseni, published an order on his personal television station that members of his sect must not allow their wives and daughters to attend the unprecedented and historic demonstration in Kabul against a law the UN says legalises marital rape.
https://www.afghanistan-analysts.org/the-bride-price-the-afghan-tradition-of-paying-for-wives/
The draft marriage law came into force in 1977 and articles 56 to 267 focus on family issues. However, the civil law and the Shia Personal Status Law (SPSL) are both silent on bride price. Article 121 of the SPSL, however, clearly states that the bride’s father pays for the goods the bride brings with her to her husband’s house (jahizia). It also states that if the groom or his family send the goods to the bride or her family, they remain the groom’s property. This means the bride’s family is not allowed to receive money for the purpose of buying jahizia.
============
http://www.criticalthreats.org/iran-news-roundup/iran-news-roundup-august-24-2009
August 24, 2009: Ahmadinejad defends his decision to include three women in his cabinet: "Among 313 followers of the Imam of the Era [at the time of his reemergence to start a world revolution], there are 50 women."
- Hojjat al-Eslam Alam al-Hoda, Mashhad Friday Prayer Leader, says the account of 50 women being among the followers of the Imam of the Era is a "rumor" and considers equality between men and women "an innovation."
http://www.ipsnews.net/2009/09/iran-backlash-mounts-against-women-ministers/
Sep 2, 2009: In an interview with the Farda News site, Mohammad Taghi Rahbar, head of the clerics’ faction in Parliament and an MP from Isfahan, said that at least two clerics from Qom opposed the nomination of women to ministerial positions, urging Ahmadinejad to reconsider.
....
The Friday Prayer leader of Mashad, Ayatollah Alam Alhadi, has said that the “nominations only please immoral feminists”.
Ayatollah Yousef Tabatabai-Nejad, the Friday Prayer Leader of Isfahan, has argued against the nominations on religious grounds, saying that “women who are ministers will have to be in regular contact with men and their male deputies, and will not be able to adhere fully to their religious obligations.”
http://www.dawn.com/news/912679/god-will-be-furious-if-women-become-governors
Thu, Oct 15, 2009: TEHRAN, IRAN - A top hardline Iranian cleric said on Thursday that "God's fury" would be unleashed if Iran appoints women as governors of some provinces, as was raised as a possibility by a minister last week.
"If some people want to change the principles and values of the revolution without considering the views of clerics, they will face the fury of God and of the people," Grand Ayatollah Lotfollah Safi Golpayghani said on his website.
Golpayghani was reacting to remarks by interior minister Mostafa Mohammad Najjar in the holy city of Qom last week, who when asked whether Iran would appoint women as governors of provinces, replied: "Yes. It is possible."
Golpayghani said the appointment of women in such top jobs was against sharia (Islamic) law.
"They come to Qom, the centre of Shiite Islam, and announce that they will appoint women as governors of some provinces. Do you want to fight with the Koran and the Prophet with such talks that go against sharia?" he asked.
"Who are you against? God's rule or the definite rules of religion?" Iranian President Mahmoud Ahmadinejad has also faced stiff resistance from hardline clerics, including Golpayghani, in appointing women as cabinet ministers.
Lawmakers, however, did approve one woman cabinet minister - the first female minister of the Islamic republic - during a vote of confidence in September.
In recent years Iranian women have outnumbered men in universities but they still account for only around 15 percent of the official work force.
Since the 1979 Islamic revolution, women have been banned from becoming judges and suffer from legal inequalities with men in marriage, divorce and inheritance.
https://www.theguardian.com/uk/2009/dec/17/honour-killing-tulay-goren
http://www.rutlandherald.com/apps/pbcs.dll/article?AID=/20091218/NEWS04/912180311/-1/RSS10?template=printart
http://www.metro.us/news/kurdish-man-convicted-of-murdering-daughter-who-fell-in-love-with-wrong-kind-of-muslim/tmWilq---07YOoDuhnNEeo/
Dec 17, 2009: LONDON - A Kurdish father has been convicted and sentenced to life in prison for murdering his 15-year-old daughter because she fell in love with a follower of a different branch of Islam.
A London judge gave Mehmet Goren, 49, a minimum 22-year prison sentence Thursday for his so-called "honour killing" of daughter Tulay, who disappeared a decade ago and was never found. He also was convicted of attacking her boyfriend with an axe.
Prosecutor Damaris Lakin said the fish-and-chip server killed his daughter for having a relationship with a Sunni Muslim. The Gorens adhered to the Alevi branch of the faith, which is linked to the rival Shiite sect of Islam.
"He killed his own daughter because he believed that she had shamed him," Lakin told the court. "His conviction today shows that the true shame was, and always will be, his to bear."
http://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-women-should-produce-groom-children-kalbe-jawwad-1358839
http://www.hindustantimes.com/india/muslim-women-reject-cleric-s-advice-to-stay-away-from-politics/story-CAl077z8yhGncAzclIY8xL.html
March 16, 2010: Even as the debate over the women's reservation bill continues, Shia cleric Maulana Syed Kalbe Jawwad had said Saturday that women should have no role in politics and stay at home. "They should become mothers of good leaders rather than try to be leaders themselves," he reportedly said. Also, the Lucknow-based Nadwatul Ulema had also issued a "fatwa" (edict) against Muslim women's participation in politics, in line with the 2005 fatwa of the influential Darul Uloom Deoband, which contends that Muslim women cannot remain in purdah when in politics.
http://www.rferl.org/content/Maybe_Irans_Women_Really_Can_Cause_An_Earthquake/2028935.html
http://www.rferl.org/content/The_HijabAdulteryEarthquake_Link/2016083.html
http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/middle-east/promiscuous-women-cause-earthquakes-claims-iranian-cleric-10229912.html
http://www.nytimes.com/2010/04/20/world/middleeast/20briefs-Iran.html
April 19, 2010: A senior Iranian cleric says women who wear immodest clothing and behave promiscuously are to blame for earthquakes. “Many women who do not dress modestly lead young men astray, corrupt their chastity and spread adultery in society, which increases earthquakes,” the cleric, Hojatoleslam Kazem Sedighi, was quoted as saying by Iranian media. Mr. Sedighi is Tehran’s acting Friday Prayer leader.
=================
Hijab posters
http://dw.com/p/1HZeZ
Hijab posters in Iran
http://www.rferl.org/content/A_Woman_Without_Hijab_Is_Like_A_Chair_With_Three_Legs/2114502.html
July 30, 2010: A woman without hijab is like a chair with three legs," says an Iranian government poster in support of the compulsory hijab for women.
http://www.rferl.org/content/brainless_badly_veiled_women/24269191.html
July 18, 2011: The cartoon suggests that women who cover their hair and body fully are perhaps as smart as Albert Einstein, while those who don't completely observe the obligatory Islamic dress code are brainless.
July 18, 2011: The cartoon suggests that women who cover their hair and body fully are perhaps as smart as Albert Einstein, while those who don't completely observe the obligatory Islamic dress code are brainless.
https://twitter.com/Tavaana/status/786808969494835201
https://twitter.com/RZimmt/status/787062194081001472
Oct 14, 2016: Cultural Dept of Azad University in Sarein Ardabil #Iran offers 15% tuition fee discount 4 women wearing proper #hijab.
https://twitter.com/GEsfandiari/status/787650615006625792
Oct 16, 2016: Another senseless pro-hijab poster: #Iran women who don't fully observe compulsory hijab(majority)likened 2 porcupines Via @Kayvan_Hosseini
================
http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-1320815/Sheikh-Maulana-Abu-Sayeed-UK-sharia-law-leader-says-theres-thing-rape-marriage.html
http://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/home-news/rape-impossible-in-marriage-says-muslim-cleric-2106161.html
Oct 15, 2010: Sheikh Maulana Abu Sayeed, president of the Islamic Sharia Council in Britain, sparked outrage when he said he believed that men who rape their wives should not be prosecuted because 'sex is part of marriage'. He further claimed, during an interview with the blog The Samosa, that many married women who made accusations of rape were lying."
http://www.thenational.ae/news/world/middle-east/women-cyclists-face-jail-warns-iranian-police-chief#full
Oct 24, 2010: The new police chief of the Iranian city of Isfahan has warned that women caught cycling in public, which is permissible for men, will be "severely prosecuted". Hassan Karami added that women are also forbidden to roller-skate or play volleyball in public....A hardline Tehran Friday prayers leader, Ayatollah Ahmad Khatami, told his congregation last month that he had received "worrying news" that women had been spotted cycling on the streets of the Iranian capital.
http://www.rferl.org/content/Iran_Athlete_Married/2228470.html
Nov 23, 2010: Iranian athlete Khadijeh Azadpour, who won a gold medal at the 16th Asian Games in Guangzhou, China, says that officials told her she would only be given the apartment she was promised as a reward for winning a gold medal if she got married.
http://www.rferl.org/content/article/2237033.html
Dec 2, 2010: Grand Ayatollah Safi Golpayegani said on November 30 that sending Iranian female athletes to international events is a "disgrace" and should not be allowed.
His comments come after Iran sent 88 sportswomen to China to take part in last month's 2010 Asian Games -- the biggest contingent since the 1979 Revolution. More than a dozen won medals, including Khadijeh Azadpour, who won a gold medal in the women's Wushu competition.
Golpayegani, 91, a Shi'ite source of emulation in the holy city of Qom, is not the first conservative cleric to deplore the participation of female Iranian athletes in foreign competitions.
Ahmad Alamolhoda, the Friday Prayer leader in Mashhad, argued in 2008 that sending Iranian sportswomen to the Beijing Olympic Games and choosing a female rower, Homa Hossein, to carry the Iranian flag at the opening ceremony constituted "waging war on Islamic values."
...
Ayatollah Abbas Kabi, a member of the Society of Qom Seminary Teachers, criticized Iranian state television for showing women competing in the event. He said it was "deplorable" and "bizarre."
=================
Lebanese law on domestic violence
https://www.hrw.org/news/2011/07/06/lebanon-enact-family-violence-bill-protect-women
https://now.mmedia.me/lb/en/reportsfeatures/the_fight_for_the_right_to_beat_your_wife
July 12, 2011: Both Dar al-Fatwa, the country's highest Sunni Muslim authority, as well as the Higher Shia Islamic Council, opposed the draft law late last month on the grounds that it contradicts Islamic Sharia, which they said is enough to protect women.
Dar al-Fatwa criticized the draft law as being “Western” and for “encourage[ing] the breakdown of the family.” It also slams a clause in the bill that criminalizes marital rape as "heresy," accusing those behind the draft law of "inventing new types of crimes."
A similar view was held by the office of the late leading Shia cleric Sayyed Mohammad Hussein Fadlallah. When contacted by NOW Lebanon regarding forced marital sex in Islam, an office representative said that “In terms of forcing sex, yes, [the wife] has to provide [her husband] with this service, unless there are reasons behind why she’s withholding.” These reasons include sickness, extreme tiredness and when she is menstruating.
http://www.al-monitor.com/pulse/originals/2013/07/womens-rights-activists-lebanon-domestic-violence-law.html#ixzz48X637XEk
At the beginning of May 2011, Deputy Secretary-General of Hezbollah Sheikh Naim Qassem announced his opposition to an article in the law that stipulates the following: “Whoever coerces his wife by violence and threat into sexual intercourse shall be imprisoned for offense of domestic violence.” This article made both Sunnis and Shiites coordinate a movement rejecting women’s protection. On July 26, 2011, the Sunni Mufti reiterated again, “Muslims in Lebanon refuse a draft law that violates the Sharia provisions derived from the Quran and the Hadith, which protect and safeguard women and families in our society.” Then, on August 8, 2011, a meeting between Sunni and Shiite clerics re-stressed both parties’ rejection of the draft law that was considered to be inspired by “the directives of Western organizations and their dubious sources of funding.”
=======================
https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/middle-east/ahmadinejad-and-clerics-fight-over-scarves/2011/07/12/gIQAhoqJPI_story.html
July 22, 2011: “The statistics of divorce, crime and rape are up due to the improper hijab,”Ayatollah Nasser Marakem-Shirazi told the Mardom-Salari newspaper in June.
http://kurdistantribune.com/outrage-iraqi-womens-affairs-minister-opposes-equality-for-women/
14 Feb 2012: Last week Abtihal Alzidi, the Iraqi minister for women’s affairs in Nuri Al Maliki’s government, told a local news agency that she does not believe in equality between women and men in Iraq.
"I am against the equality between men and woman”, she said. “If women are equal to men they are going to lose a lot. Up to now I am with the power of the man in society. If I go out of my house, I have to tell my husband where I am going. This does not mean diluting the role of woman in society but, on the contrary, it will bring more power to the woman as a mother who looks after their kids and brings up their children”.
https://english.alarabiya.net/articles/2012/03/28/203802.html
28 March 2012:
Dressed in a headscarf and a modest tracksuit, 25-year-old Khaz’al is the only professional female athlete in Basra, training with male athletes under the supervision of her mother, a physical education professor at the local university, and her father, a track and field coach.
Khaz’al says the increasing influence of Shiite religious parties and militants in Basra since the fall of the regime in 2003 has forced around 30 female athletes to quit their career out of fear.
...
“Someone threw hand grenades at our house. I stopped training for nearly three months, then for one month and after that for nearly two months. But I never abandoned sport,” Khaz’al said.
http://www.reuters.com/article/us-iran-morals-crackdown-idUSBRE86E0EM20120715
July 15, 2012: Regular officers and members of the "morality police" raided 87 cafes and restaurants in a single district of the capital Tehran on Saturday and arrested women for flouting the Islamic dress code, according to the Iranian Students' News Agency (ISNA).
"These places were shut for not following Islamic values, providing hookah to women, and lacking proper licenses," said Tehran police official Alireza Mehrabi, according to ISNA. Women are not allowed to smoke hookah, water pipes, in public.
http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-middle-east-19665615
http://www.bloomberg.com/news/2012-08-21/iran-barring-women-from-atomic-oil-fields-draws-rebuke.html
http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/middleeast/iran/9487761/Anger-as-Iran-bans-women-from-universities.html
August 20, 2012: In a move that has prompted a demand for a UN investigation by Iran's most celebrated human rights campaigner, the Nobel laureate Shirin Ebadi, 36 universities have announced that 77 BA and BSc courses in the coming academic year will be "single gender" and effectively exclusive to men.
...
Under the new policy, women undergraduates will be excluded from a broad range of studies in some of the country's leading institutions, including English literature, English translation, hotel management, archaeology, nuclear physics, computer science, electrical engineering, industrial engineering and business management.
The Oil Industry University, which has several campuses across the country, says it will no longer accept female students at all, citing a lack of employer demand. Isfahan University provided a similar rationale for excluding women from its mining engineering degree, claiming 98% of female graduates ended up jobless.
Writing to Ban Ki Moon, the UN secretary general, and Navi Pillay, the high commissioner for human rights, Mrs Ebadi, a human rights lawyer exiled in the UK, said the real agenda was to reduce the proportion of female students to below 50% – from around 65% at present – thereby weakening the Iranian feminist movement in its campaign against discriminatory Islamic laws.
"[It] is part of the recent policy of the Islamic Republic, which tries to return women to the private domain inside the home as it cannot tolerate their passionate presence in the public arena," says the letter, which was also sent to Ahmad Shaheed, the UN's special rapporteur for human rights in Iran. "The aim is that women will give up their opposition and demands for their own rights."
===================
Underage marriages
Underage marriages
Khomeini's fatwa:
http://www.mezan.net/radalshobohat/3Nekah.htm
http://shiaweb.org/books/al-nafis_2/pa14.html
لا يجوز وطء الزوجة قبل إكمال تسع سنين، دواما كان النكاح أو منقطعا. وأمّا سائر الاستمتاعات - كاللمس بشهوة والضمّ والتفخيذ - فلا بأس بها حتّى في الرضيعة
"A man can marry a girl younger than nine years of age, even if the girl is still a baby being breastfed. A man, however is prohibited from having intercourse with a girl younger than nine, while other sexual acts such as foreplay, rubbing, and kissing are allowed. "
http://www.memritv.org/clip/en/978.htm
http://www.memritv.org/clip_transcript/en/978.htm
21 Dec 2005: Bahraini Women's Rights Activist Ghada Jamshir Attacks Islamic Clerics for Fatwas Authorizing Sexual Abuse of Children
http://www.rferl.org/a/3551728.html
8 April 2011: Police in northern Pakistan have arrested six people, including an imam, on charges of contracting four underage children to get married in order to settle a family feud, RFE/RL's Radio Mashaal reports.
Two sisters -- 3-year-old Darwesh Bibi and 6-year-old Fazeelat Bibi -- were engaged to two boys from another family to resolve a dispute between the families, who live in the Dera Ismail Khan district of Khyber-Pakhtunkhwa.
http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/middleeast/iran/9500484/Alarm-as-hundreds-of-children-under-age-of-10-married-in-Iran.html
August 26, 2012: An Iranian NGO, the Society For Protecting The Rights of The Child, said 43,459 girls aged under 15 had married in 2009, compared with 33,383 three years previously. In 2010, 716 girls younger than 10 had wed, up from 449 the previous year, according to the organisation.
.... He said increasing child marriages were accompanied by a correspondingly high teenage divorce rate. Some 15,000 females aged 15-19 divorced their husbands every year between 2007 and 2010.
http://www.wnd.com/2013/04/850000-young-iranian-girls-as-young-as-9-married/
April 26, 2013: A new report on Iran is revealing that an estimated 850,000 young girls there are married – some of them as young as 9 or 10 years old and some of them married off to an “elderly man” in payment of a debt.
The report was compiled by Y. Mansharof, a research fellow, and A. Savyon, director of the Iranian Media Project. Both are with the Middle East Media Research Institute.
They explain there has been an increasingly intense public debate about a number of social issues inside Iran.
“One such issue is the phenomenon of marriages involving children, including children under age 10 – especially arranged marriages of girls to adult men, or even to elderly men,” they wrote.
“Under Iranian law, girls may marry at 13 and boys at 15, and children under 10 may marry with the approval of their guardian and the court. According to official statistics, about one million children, even under age 10, are married. The statistics also show that 85 percent of these one million married children are girls – meaning that most of them are married to grown men.”
They noted that public figures such as sociologists inside the regime are warning that the number of children marrying is rising, and that that creates both health and social risks.
“According to one sociologist, arranging marriages for children, especially girls, is common among poor and uneducated urban families that seek a way out of dire financial straits; he adds that the girls themselves are severely damaged both physically and psychologically,” the report said.
Officials of the Islamic government, however, are not alarmed.
“Regime spokesmen have denied the extent of the phenomenon, and have also shrugged off the matter, saying that child marriage is legal and that preventing it is against Islamic law.”
https://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/sep/26/iran-lawmakers-men-wed-adopted-daughters
26 Sep 2013:
Parliamentarians in Iran have passed a bill to protect the rights of children which includes a clause that allows a man to marry his adopted daughter and while she is as young as 13 years.
http://www.rferl.org/a/25153104.html
13 Oct 2013:
Three men have been arrested in a remote village in Pakistan's northwestern Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Province in connection with the illegal marriages of two underage girls.
Police in Swat district told RFE/RL on October 30 that the three men, all residents of the village of Moragai, were arrested a day earlier.
They are suspected of facilitating the exchange of two girls -- aged 5 and 13 -- between their families to settle a domestic feud.
http://www.itv.com/news/2013-10-06/uk-imams-agree-to-perform-underage-marriages/
http://www.gatestoneinstitute.org/4017/uk-muslim-underage-marriage
===============
31 Jan 2013: Religious Evangilization Committee of the Higher Islamic Shiite Council stated on Thursday its rejection of civil marriage for “ethical, constitutional, doctrinal and national concerns”.
...
http://www.ndtv.com/world-news/women-cant-be-president-in-iran-cleric-522408
16 May 2013: Ayatollah muhammad Yazdi: women can't be president in Iran
http://www.rferl.org/content/female-iranian-swimmer-record/25035330.html
July 3, 2013: according to Asghari, officials refused to register her record because of her attire, which they said did not conform to Islamic norms.
....
Female athletes can compete only in some sports, including soccer, archery, target shooting, Ninjutsu, and Sanshou, where they have to wear approved Islamic uniforms that often limit their movement. Asghari, for example, says her Islamic swimming attire weighs six kilograms when wet, making swimming difficult and causing injury to her body.
....
Asghari says her earlier record in 1999 was registered and that no one objected to her attire then.
She told "Bahar" that she had spoken to the deputy head of Iran's Physical Education Department, Marzieh Akbarabadi, who is in charge of women's sports.
"She talked to me in a way that even if someone swims wearing a scarf and a chador, it wouldn’t get their approval," Asghari said.
Asghari added that Akbarabadi had suggested that she should perhaps take up a different sport.
https://www.iranwire.com/en/features/4009
But despite male candidates apparently having "no objections," Iran has a long-standing problem with women in politics, and female candidates continue to face severe discrimination. They have historically been barred from council presidencies —even when they have received a high number of votes. For example, in 2013, Ziba Salehpour secured 35,000 public votes to run for the local election in the city of Ahvaz, but when she declared her candidacy, city council members refused to let her run. She says male council members insisted “it would be humiliating for us if the city council president is a woman.”
https://twitter.com/RezaAsadi/status/376655616573710336
Sep 8, 2013: A hardline cleric, Alam al-Hoda, chastises #Iran president for picking a woman as FM spokesperson.
http://islamtimes.org/ur/doc/news/303531/
20 Sep 2013:
علامہ امین شہیدی کا کہنا تھا کہ انہوں نے کونسل کے اجلاس میں تحفظ حقوق نسواں قانون کے ایشو کو اٹھایا اور تمام ممبران کی اس جانب توجہ مبذول کرائی جس پر کونسل نے متفقہ طور پر اس بل کو مسترد کردیا ہے۔ علامہ امین شہیدی کے مطابق، یہ قانون دراصل مشرف حکومت کی جانب سے زنا جیسے گناہ کو تحٖفظ دینے کیلئے بنایا گیا تھا جو سرا سر قرآنی قوانین سے متصادم ہے۔
=============
Iraq's Jaafari personal law
https://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/sep/26/iran-lawmakers-men-wed-adopted-daughters
26 Sep 2013:
Parliamentarians in Iran have passed a bill to protect the rights of children which includes a clause that allows a man to marry his adopted daughter and while she is as young as 13 years.
http://www.rferl.org/a/25153104.html
13 Oct 2013:
Three men have been arrested in a remote village in Pakistan's northwestern Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Province in connection with the illegal marriages of two underage girls.
Police in Swat district told RFE/RL on October 30 that the three men, all residents of the village of Moragai, were arrested a day earlier.
They are suspected of facilitating the exchange of two girls -- aged 5 and 13 -- between their families to settle a domestic feud.
http://www.itv.com/news/2013-10-06/uk-imams-agree-to-perform-underage-marriages/
http://www.gatestoneinstitute.org/4017/uk-muslim-underage-marriage
Oct 15, 2013: The
documentary, entitled "Forced to Marry," was first broadcast on October
9 and involves two reporters posing as the mother and brother of a
14-year-old girl to be married to an older man. The reporters contacted
56 mosques across Britain and asked clerics to perform a nikah. The imams were specifically told that the "bride" did not consent to the marriage to an older man from London.
Although
the legal age for marriage in Britain is 16, according to Islamic
Sharia law girls can marry once they reach puberty. The imams who agreed
to marry the girl openly mocked the legitimacy of British law,
reflecting the rise of a parallel Islamic legal system in Britain.
"One of the Muslim clerics who agreed to perform the underage marriage is Mohammed Shahid Akhtar, the imam of the Central Jamia Masjid Ghamkol Sharif Mosque in Birmingham, the second-largest mosque in Britain with a capacity of more than 5,000 worshippers.
On
being informed that the girl did not want to get married, Akhtar
replied: "She's 14. By Sharia, grace of God, she's legal to get married.
Obviously Islam has made it easy for us. There is nothing against that.
We're doing it because it's okay through Islam."
The documentary also shows Akhtar expressing his contempt for British marriage laws: "You've got the kaffirs [non-believers],
the law, the English people that ... you know, you can't get married
twice but, by the grace of God, we can get married four times."
Another cleric who agreed to marry the 14 year old girl is Mufti Shams al-Huda al-Misbahi, who preaches at the Jamia Masjid Kanzul Iman Mosque in Heckmondwike, a town near Leeds in north-central England.
When
the undercover reporter, posing as the brother of the girl to be
married, says, "She's not willing now, but she will be," Misbahi
responds: "If you make her willing, she will be willing." He is then
filmed saying that he would perform the marriage without providing an
official marriage certificate valid under British law. "We'll make
everything okay by Islam. We'll write down and put it in our records."
Misbahi goes on to tell the undercover reporters that the girl will be
able to live with her new husband after the ceremony.
Misbahi
is a senior Muslim cleric who has worked with the West Yorkshire Police
as an advisor on community cohesion, a British concept that refers to
the integration of Muslim immigrants within a multicultural society.
Before being caught on camera advocating forced marriage, Misbahi had
publicly condemned the practice for many years.
http://www.rferl.org/a/28123820.html
http://www.rferl.org/a/28123820.html
18 Nov 2016: The National Organization for Civil Registration statistics registered 37,000 underage marriages in the Islamic republic in the last Iranian year, which ended in March. The real number could be even higher, as many families reportedly don't register underage marriages.
===============
https://www.theguardian.com/world/iran-blog/2015/apr/19/iran-women-sports-stadium-competitive-obstacles
In 2013, a televised broadcast of a women’s martial arts competition raised the ire of religious authorities like Ayatollah Abdollah Javadi Amoli, who said, “A woman’s and girl’s virtue is not in extending her leg to kick someone and bring us medals.”
http://www.naharnet.com/stories/en/70377In 2013, a televised broadcast of a women’s martial arts competition raised the ire of religious authorities like Ayatollah Abdollah Javadi Amoli, who said, “A woman’s and girl’s virtue is not in extending her leg to kick someone and bring us medals.”
31 Jan 2013: Religious Evangilization Committee of the Higher Islamic Shiite Council stated on Thursday its rejection of civil marriage for “ethical, constitutional, doctrinal and national concerns”.
...
Grand Mufti Mohammed Rashid Qabbani had issued a fatwa on Monday against moves to legalize civil marriages inside the country.
Qabbani branded as an apostate any Muslim politician who approves civil marriage legislation, saying offenders would not be eligible to be buried in a Muslim cemetery
http://www.ndtv.com/world-news/women-cant-be-president-in-iran-cleric-522408
16 May 2013: Ayatollah muhammad Yazdi: women can't be president in Iran
http://www.rferl.org/content/female-iranian-swimmer-record/25035330.html
July 3, 2013: according to Asghari, officials refused to register her record because of her attire, which they said did not conform to Islamic norms.
....
Female athletes can compete only in some sports, including soccer, archery, target shooting, Ninjutsu, and Sanshou, where they have to wear approved Islamic uniforms that often limit their movement. Asghari, for example, says her Islamic swimming attire weighs six kilograms when wet, making swimming difficult and causing injury to her body.
....
Asghari says her earlier record in 1999 was registered and that no one objected to her attire then.
She told "Bahar" that she had spoken to the deputy head of Iran's Physical Education Department, Marzieh Akbarabadi, who is in charge of women's sports.
"She talked to me in a way that even if someone swims wearing a scarf and a chador, it wouldn’t get their approval," Asghari said.
Asghari added that Akbarabadi had suggested that she should perhaps take up a different sport.
https://www.iranwire.com/en/features/4009
But despite male candidates apparently having "no objections," Iran has a long-standing problem with women in politics, and female candidates continue to face severe discrimination. They have historically been barred from council presidencies —even when they have received a high number of votes. For example, in 2013, Ziba Salehpour secured 35,000 public votes to run for the local election in the city of Ahvaz, but when she declared her candidacy, city council members refused to let her run. She says male council members insisted “it would be humiliating for us if the city council president is a woman.”
https://twitter.com/RezaAsadi/status/376655616573710336
Sep 8, 2013: A hardline cleric, Alam al-Hoda, chastises #Iran president for picking a woman as FM spokesperson.
http://islamtimes.org/ur/doc/news/303531/
20 Sep 2013:
علامہ امین شہیدی کا کہنا تھا کہ انہوں نے کونسل کے اجلاس میں تحفظ حقوق نسواں قانون کے ایشو کو اٹھایا اور تمام ممبران کی اس جانب توجہ مبذول کرائی جس پر کونسل نے متفقہ طور پر اس بل کو مسترد کردیا ہے۔ علامہ امین شہیدی کے مطابق، یہ قانون دراصل مشرف حکومت کی جانب سے زنا جیسے گناہ کو تحٖفظ دینے کیلئے بنایا گیا تھا جو سرا سر قرآنی قوانین سے متصادم ہے۔
=============
Iraq's Jaafari personal law
http://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2014/mar/14/jafari-law-iraqi-violation-women-rights-marital-rape
March 14, 2014: " On 25 February, the Iraqi council of ministers approved a new personal status law called Ja'fari law, named after the sixth Shi'ite imam Ja'afar al-Sadiq, who founded his own school of jurisprudence (Shi'ite). It was submitted to parliament for a vote. The draft was put forward by the justice minister Hassan al-Shimari, a member of the Shi'ite Islamist Fadhila (Virtue) party to deal with issues of marriage, divorce, inheritance and adoption....... Article 16 sets the legal age of marriage for females as nine and males as 15, although it could be even lower with the consent of a guardian, father or a grandfather. Article 104 permits unconditional polygamy. Article 101 says men have the right to "enjoy" sex with their wives any time they want, and wives cannot leave their marital home without their husband's permission. Article 126 says husbands are not required to pay financial support (nafaqah) when their wife is either a minor or a senior and hence unable to sexually satisfy them. Article 63 prevents Muslim males from permanently marrying non-Muslim females, which means a Shi'ite Muslim male is allowed to marry non-Muslim females temporarily in what is called mut'amarriage. Mut'a is when a man who wants to have sex with a woman "marries" her in the presence of a religious figure, who acts as a mut'a broker. The man will specify how long the marriage will last, ranging from a few hours to many years. A small mehr (dowry) will then be paid to the woman. Such marriages have no protection or guarantees for women and/or their offspring in Iraq. Only a man has the right to renew it when it expires – for another mehr – or to terminate it early. Temporary marriage and unregistered marriages in civil courts were prohibited before 2003 but are on the increase among widows and poor women since then."
https://www.hrw.org/news/2014/03/26/womens-rights-under-threat-iraq
March 26, 2014: Article 79 of this Jaafari Personal Status Law, for example, would allow a woman to divorce her husband only if he were impotent or his penis had been amputated, whereas a man could divorce his wife for six reasons, two linked to her having a skin rash.
......Iraqi law protects perpetrators of violence against women: its penal code considers “honourable motives”a mitigating factor, even in murder, and gives husbands a right to discipline their wives.
https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/morning-mix/wp/2014/04/10/iraq-poised-to-legalize-marriage-for-girls-as-young-as-9/
April 10, 2014: In 2007, Al-Monitor says, 21 percent of young Iraqi women reported they were married as children. Six years later, the Population Reference Bureau determined that “the decline in early marriages has stopped.”
In fact, the rate had risen. By mid-2013, more than one-fourth of females were married as children, and 5 percent had been wed before age 15. This rate of child marriage placed Iraq ahead of many nations in the region.
Now the Iraqi government is poised to legalize child marriage for the nation’s majority Shiite Muslim population. But the law, which some expect to pass before this month’s parliamentary elections, would do significantly more than that.
Called the Jaafari Personal Status Law, it would prohibit Muslim men from marrying non-Muslims, prevent women from leaving the house without their husband’s consent, automatically grant custody of children older than two to their father in divorce cases and legalize marital rape.
The law, which proponents say will save women’s “rights and dignity,” would also permit boys to marry as young as 15 and girls to marry as young as nine. Girls younger than nine would be permitted to marry with a parent’s approval.
Ayad Allawi, a former Iraqi prime minister, expressed outrage this week in an interview with the Telegraph. He said the law would legalize the abuse of women.
http://america.aljazeera.com/articles/2014/4/27/iraqi-shiites-protestproposedfamilylaw.html
April 27, 2014: "The legislation, which would apply only to Iraq’s majority Shia population, would roll back rights for those women and girls in a country whose legal code has long been considered one of the most progressive in the Middle East. Under current Iraqi law, the minimum age for marriage is 18 — though girls as young as 15 may marry with their parents’ consent — and polygamy is banned except under special circumstances. The new law, introduced by Iraqi Justice Minister Hassan al-Shimari, does not explicitly lower the minimum age for marriage, but it sets rules for divorce of girls as young as 9, the age at which, the law argues, girls reach puberty. The law would also legalize marital rape, grant men who divorced their wives automatic custody of children over the age of 2 and make it easier for men to marry multiple wives."
https://www.hrw.org/world-report/2015/country-chapters/iraq
2014: "On February 25, Iraq’s Council of Ministers passed a draft Jaafari Personal Status Law. As of December, parliament had not voted on the discriminatory legislation, which would restrict women’s rights in matters of inheritance and parental and other rights after divorce, make it easier for men to take multiple wives, and allow girls to be married from age nine."
============
http://www.dawn.com/news/1097754
April 2014: "After the Council of Islamic Ideology’s latest recommendation to legalise marriages involving child brides and to allow unbridled polygamy, many commentators attacked the CII chairman Maulana Sheerani who belongs to the JUI-F and was named to the office by the last government. But if the maulana, who belongs to the reputedly less tolerant Deobandi denomination, came under fire one would assume the recommendation was his, and his alone. However, there was no recorded dissent note on it by ‘ulema’ such as Barelvis, Shias etc who represent the religious rainbow that is the CII. The decision appeared unanimous, if I have not been misinformed."
http://www.theguardian.com/world/2014/jun/19/iran-child-bride-faces-execution
June 19, 2014: Sadr said Justice for Iran's research shows in 2012 alone, 1,537 girls under the age of of 10 and 29,827 girls between the ages of 10 and 14 were registered for marriage in Iran.
http://www.rferl.org/content/iran-women-banned-sports-stadiums/25434040.html
June 24, 2014: Women attempting to attend World League volleyball matches being held this month in Tehran learned from the national police chief that their presence "was not in the public interest," while a female lawmaker argued that women at sporting events was a source of "disrespect and rape in society."
In an added slight, it was made clear that women and televised World Cup soccer matches were not a good match either -- at least not in public. The authorities made that clear by preventing public screenings of the game, which could result in mixed crowds, and putting pressure on cafes and restaurants to not show the games.
....
While in 2013 women were allowed to attend Volleyball World League games, fans who tried to buy tickets to league matches scheduled to be played in Tehran were told they would not be allowed. And while an exception had been made for women journalists, this month they too were barred.
Amid the ensuing outcry, female lawmaker Fatemeh Alia dismissed the idea of women spectators, saying their duty was to raise children and take care of their husbands, not to watch other men play volleyball.
"There is no reason for women to go to a venue where thousands of men have gathered," she said. "It [creates] the grounds for disrespect and rape in society."
Another female lawmaker, Sakineh Omrani, told payamno.com that women can watch sports matches at home, on television, if they wish, but not in stadiums "because while doing sports, men are not fully dressed."
Pouring salt in the wound is the fact that foreign women have been allowed to attend a series of Volleyball World League matches played in Tehran this month.
The indignity has attracted much attention, including from lawmaker Kamaledin Pirmoezen, who, after a mid-June series against Brazil said that "Iranian women, like Brazilian [women], should benefit from volleyball matches."
But bad news, accompanied by clarity regarding recent events, came on June 22. With Iran preparing for a second-leg match against Italy, it was announced that women journalists would be barred from attending World League contests for the rest of the month.
The same day, Iran's police chief, Esmail Ahmadi Moghadam, explained that "in the current conditions, the mixing of men and women in stadiums is not in the public interest."
Ahmadi Moghadam also noted that Ahmadinejad's 2006 call for women to be allowed into sports stadiums had been opposed by senior clerics.
http://en.rasanews.ir/detail/News/944/-100
July 8, 2014: Grand
Ayatollah Ja’far Sobhani criticized the position taken by Shahindokht
Mollaverdi, the Vice President for Women and Family Affairs, in relation
to the new abortion bill passed by the Islamic Consultative Assembly
(parliament). The bill passed by the parliament in June was aimed at
encouraging more births by outlawing sterilization and vasectomies and
increasing penalties for abortions.
“The penalties which the parliament has considered for abortion are excellent because this crime is considered murder,” Ayatollah Sobhani explained in accordance to Islamic law.
The Supreme Leader of the Islamic Revolution, Ayatollah Sayyed Ali Khamenei, has urged parliament to pass laws that will ensure a higher birth rate and has published a 14-point plan on his website to increase Iran’s population by encouraging Iran families to have more children.
Ayatollah Sobhani explained that considers abortion to be against the goals of the Islamic system of governance in Iran: “Abortion leads to the decrease of the population and crosses the ‘red lines’ of the system. Thus, we should stand against this new law.”
He quoted Ms Mollaverdi’s arguments and said: “She said in regard to the enforcement of this law, ‘The problems facing our population concerns will not be solved with slogans and controversy. We must institutionalize this culture in our population. These penalties cause some doctors to do abortions underground.’”
https://iranwire.com/en/features/5802014: On August 30th Colonel Khalil Halali, Chief of Police for Public Places, announced that women will no longer be permitted to work in cafés and coffee shops. The order will affect thousands of establishments and working women in this city of nearly eight million people, and will include women who have a permit for running their own business. Under the new regulations, women will only be permitted to work in the kitchens of cafes.
....
some large cities, including Isfahan, Tabriz, Urmia and Zanjan now have outright bans, and in the northeastern province of Khorasan all towns are enacting a ban on women musicians.
...
Earlier this year authorities prevented women from watching volleyball matches in a Tehran stadium and barred women from watching the World Cup in cinemas, restaurants, and other public venues.
For his part, the Tehran Mayor Qalibaf has sought to separate women civil servants from working alongside men. “Women should not spend most of their time every day next to men other than their husbands because it harms the foundation of the family,” he said in May, after issuing an order for male managers to use only other men as administrative assistants.
http://www.al-monitor.com/pulse/originals/2014/10/iraq-schools-universities-religious-restrictions.html#ixzz49lo5OYOh
Oct 23, 2014: Dozens of students from Baghdad University took to the streets Oct. 16 to protest the establishment of an all-girls university and to demand that separation of the sexes be forbidden in Iraqi universities.
As religion seeps into every aspect of education in Iraq, art and sports classes are on the verge of disappearing, while religious education classes prevail. An escalating wave of religious extremism has been taking over Iraqi cities, especially the southern ones, where women ubiquitously wear the veil while civil freedoms are absent.
As religion seeps into every aspect of education in Iraq, art and sports classes are on the verge of disappearing, while religious education classes prevail. An escalating wave of religious extremism has been taking over Iraqi cities, especially the southern ones, where women ubiquitously wear the veil while civil freedoms are absent.
State institutions are encouraging religious parties and movements and even backing them in some cases. In 2012, for instance, security forces raided social hangouts in Baghdad.
The Iraqi government is not banning or deterring any radical religious practices, even though they clearly violate civil freedoms. It has forbidden university graduation ceremonies as well as New Year’s Eve celebrations in Baghdad and other cities.
Powerful parties in the Iraqi government imposed wearing a veil in Iraqi schools. Member of parliament Suzan al-Saad spearheads a campaign to distribute veils to young female scholars every year in Basra schools. Meanwhile, some clerics, including Bashir al-Najafi, a prominent Shiite religious authority, are openly demanding the integration of Shiism into the curriculum.
Religious extremism is seeping into the schools and universities of Baghdad.
http://www.al-monitor.com/pulse/originals/2015/03/yemen-women-activists-revolution-houthis-saleh.html#ixzz4BUoalZQF
Houthis published a circular in January 2015, pertaining to women in the city of Amran, banning them from going out following the Maghrib prayer, prohibiting them from bringing male bands or singers to their gatherings or parties, banning the use of cameras at women's gatherings and parties, including mobile phones with cameras. These new rules are being implemented in Amran, and the people there have been adhering to these rules to avoid punishment.
.....
“Houthis have more audacity than the Islah Party. While the latter sends its lower-ranking members to carry out all the slandering and threats, as Saleh’s cronies used to do, today, prominent Houthis jurists and writers are brazenly performing the same acts,” she added.
Student Hiba al-Zabahani, who shares the same opinion as Aghbari, believes that Houthis are more rigid than their predecessors, as they have threatened to strip her of her clothes if she continues to wear pants instead of the abaya, or cloak.
Just last Jan. 25, she took part in a student demonstration against Houthis in Sanaa University, where she refused to hand them her phone, with which she had captured attacks on students. She was beaten up along with her friend as a result.
“The most recent attack on Jan. 25 was the worst. We went out to protest the Houthi coup and the Houthis chased us with white arms [non-firearms]. We managed to escape them,” Zabahani said. “Nothing is the same again.”
https://www.hrw.org/news/2015/01/19/interview-women-unequal-under-lebanons-law
https://www.hrw.org/report/2015/01/19/unequal-and-unprotected/womens-rights-under-lebanese-personal-status-laws
2015: Women Unequal and Unprotected under Lebanese laws
https://www.hrw.org/news/2015/01/19/interview-women-unequal-under-lebanons-law
https://www.hrw.org/report/2015/01/19/unequal-and-unprotected/womens-rights-under-lebanese-personal-status-laws
2015: Women Unequal and Unprotected under Lebanese laws
http://reut.rs/1EKJxlQ
17 Feb 2015: trafficking in Iraq has "mushroomed" in recent years and that the militant Sunni group Islamic State (ISIS) has become a major actor in the buying and selling of girls.
Women trafficked across Iraq end up in Baghdad or northern Iraqi cities or are sent to Syria, Jordan or the United Arab Emirates.
A common trafficking method is for a man to marry his victim through a temporary (mut’a) marriage. Once they reach their destination he divorces her, forces her into prostitution and returns to Iraq to repeat the process.
.....
"ISIS is not the first group to be involved in abducting and trafficking women. Women have been disappearing off the streets of Iraq by the hundred ever since the start of the conflict," she added.
http://dailypakistan.com.pk/metropolitan1/09-Mar-2015/201230
9 March 2015:
لاہور (پ ر) وفاق المدارس الشیعہ پاکستان اور ملی یکجہتی کونسل کے نائب صدر علامہ قاضی نیا ز حسین نقوی نے پنجاب اسمبلی کی حالیہ قانون سازی کو غیر اسلامی اور دین میں مداخلت قراردیا ہے جس میں پہلی بیوی سے اجازت کے بغیر دوسری شادی کرنے والے کو قید اور جرمانے کی سزاد ینے کی منظوری دی گئی ہے۔ ایک بیان میں علامہ نیاز نقوی نے کہا کہ اسلام میں مرد بیک وقت چار شادیاں کرسکتا ہے، دوسری شادی کے لئے پہلی بیوی سے اجاز ت کا پابند نہیں۔ انہوں نے کہا کہ حکومت اسلامی نظریاتی کونسل کی سفارشات کو ردی کی ٹوکری میں ڈالنے کی بجائے ان پر عملدرآمد بھی کرے۔
https://www.theguardian.com/world/2015/mar/11/iran-ban-voluntary-sterilisation-contraceptive-access-block-boost-population
11 March 2015: Iran is seeking to reverse progressive laws on family planning by outlawing voluntary sterilisation and restricting access to contraceptives, in a move human rights groups say would set Iranian women back decades and reduce them to “baby-making machines”.
.....
Iran has pursued an effective birth control programme for over two decades. It included subsidised vasectomies, free condoms and affordable contraceptives, as well as countrywide education on sexual health and family planning.
The new legislation would effectively put an end to the country’s famous slogan “two children is enough”. The U-turn has come after the country’s supreme leader, Ayatollah Ali Khamenei, slammed family planning as an imitation of western lifestyle and asked Iran’s population to be doubled. Given his support, the bills are likely to be approved.
......
The bill to increase fertility rates and prevent population decline will ban all surgeries intended for permanent contraception, except in cases in which there are threats to physical health. Harsh punishments are designed for doctors involved in such surgeries. The legislation will also slash state funding for birth control programmes which provided subsidies for modern contraceptives.
Amnesty warned this would increase the number of unwanted pregnancies and force women to seek illegal abortions. It would also lead to a spike in sexually transmitted infections, such as HIV, the organisation warned.
The second proposed legislation, the comprehensive population and exaltation of family bill, “instructs all private and public entities to prioritise, in sequence, men with children, married men without children and married women with children when hiring for certain jobs,” Amnesty said. The bill will also tighten the divorce laws, which are already heavily in favour of men.
.....
According to official figures for 2013-2014, 41,226 girls were subject to early or forced marriages while between the ages of 10 and 14. At least 201 girls had married while under the age of 10.
http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bareilly/Women-cant-be-head-of-family-fatwa-asks-followers-not-to-fill-new-ration-cards/articleshow/46600696.cms
March 17, 2015: "Under the Food Security Bill 2013, new ration cards are to be issued in the name of women. But a fatwa has now been issued by Sunni Barelvi Markaz of Dargah Ala Hazrat that asks followers to keep away from the ration cards as "it depicts women as the head of families, and that is against Indian culture and Islamic law."
http://www.reuters.com/article/us-iran-women-sport-idUSKBN0MV0FC20150404
April 4, 2015: "Iran has partially lifted a ban on women attending men's sports matches, the deputy sports minister said on Saturday, days after a court pardoned an Iranian-British woman who had been jailed for protesting against the law.
March 17, 2015: "Under the Food Security Bill 2013, new ration cards are to be issued in the name of women. But a fatwa has now been issued by Sunni Barelvi Markaz of Dargah Ala Hazrat that asks followers to keep away from the ration cards as "it depicts women as the head of families, and that is against Indian culture and Islamic law."
http://www.reuters.com/article/us-iran-women-sport-idUSKBN0MV0FC20150404
April 4, 2015: "Iran has partially lifted a ban on women attending men's sports matches, the deputy sports minister said on Saturday, days after a court pardoned an Iranian-British woman who had been jailed for protesting against the law.
Iran's
Islamic law bars women from watching men playing sports. In January,
the government said it would allow foreign women to attend men's
matches, but Iranian women were still forbidden from doing so."
http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bareilly/Research-on-Muslim-women-gets-fatwa/articleshow/46890789.cms
April 11, 2015: The Sunni Barelvi Markaz of Dargah Ala Hazrat on Saturday passed a fatwa decrying the findings of a survey by a research student of the law department at Mahatma Jyotiba Phule (MJP) Rohilkhand University on Muslim women's views on marriage, divorce, 'iddat' (the fixed time period after divorce) and maintenance allowance.
The survey said that 40% Muslim women wanted a change in the sharia law, 30% wanted the right to divorce, and as many as 80% demanded equal right in property as men. Twenty per cent were of the opinion that the time period of 'iddat' should be scrapped.
The survey, titled "Status of Muslim women and protective laws in socio-legal system", was conducted by Shumaila Anjum, a research scholar of MJP Rohilkhand University. She spoke to 100 women belonging to different sections of society in the Rohilkhand region.
Taking note of the survey the muftis of Dargah Ala Hazrat issued a fatwa against it and said that "sharia law cannot be changed and no one has right to demand amendment in it". However, the research scholar, who now finds herself in the eye of a storm, reacted by saying that the "survey was conducted for improving the lives of Muslim women".
Mufti Mohammed Saleem Noori, one of three Muftis who passed a fatwa against the survey, said, "It is a negative survey as it is based on misleading questions. Like a survey or campaign cannot be launched for bringing an amendment to the Constitution of the country, Islamic law cannot be changed and no one has a right to demand an amendment to any of its clauses."
He added, "No one can demand an amendment in shariat law and it is wrong to say that it oppresses women. The law is equal for both men and women and those women who spoke in the survey are not fully aware about the law."
The other muftis who issued the fatwa are Mufti Mohammed Afroz Alam and Mufti Mohammed Aakil Razvi. A wing of Dargah Ala Hazrat, Tahreek-e-Tahaffuz Sunniat (TTS), also conducted its own survey in this connection and said its findings revealed that all Muslim women disagreed with the one conducted by Anjum.
https://twitter.com/Khaaasteh/status/592243581081001985
April 26, 2015: Hardline group in #Iran's #Qazvin warns authorities agnst spread of 'full body hair removal' in hair saloons: it tarnishes #women's chastity
http://www.iraqicivilsociety.org/archives/4449
http://www.fairobserver.com/region/middle_east_north_africa/woman-for-blood-marriages-persist-in-iraq-21101/
May 2015: 50 women and girls were exchanged in order to resolve a tribal feud in the Basra, al-Shawli and al-Kharamasha area at the end of May.
http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/middleeast/iran/11661653/Iran-allows-women-to-watch-volleyball-but-not-football-swimming-or-wrestling.html
June 9, 2015: The women will be permitted to watch Volleyball World League games in Tehran later this month, a senior government official told the Associated Press, in what is apparently a trial before a broader removal of the ban.
But while women will be allowed into stadiums to watch men’s matches in
some sports, including volleyball, basketball, handball and tennis,
others, such as football, swimming and wrestling, will remain strictly
off limits.
......
Women have been banned from sporting events since Iran’s 1979 Islamic
Revolution, though foreign women are permitted to attend matches of
their national teams. Senior clerics have opposed the presence of female
spectators on the grounds that they may be exposed to foul language
from the crowd and to the sight of male bodies in revealing clothing.
http://www.theguardian.com/world/2015/jun/19/volleyball-ban-women-reignites-debate-iran
http://theiranproject.com/blog/2015/06/13/senior-cleric-opposes-womens-presence-in-sports-stadiums/
June 13, 2015: Senior cleric Ayatollah Nasser Makarem Shirazi told visiting Brigadier General Hossein Ashtari on Saturday that raising the issues of women’s presence in sports stadiums and holding concerts is not necessary in the current situation of the country.
https://en.iranwire.com/features/6561/
June 15, 2015: Hamed Vasfi, a 56-year-old clergyman, is head of the Iravani Seminary and author of the book Hejab According to the Koran. I asked him why he objected to the presence of women in sports stadiums. “The presence of women in stadiums is against the laws of sharia, and all religious authorities have issued edicts on this.” In particular, Vasri said, “the presence of women in stadiums promotes prostitution and leads to moral corruption. We have examples. Pictures published from women in stadiums clearly shows this.”
Vasri said that, when Mahmoud Ahmadinejad pushed for women to be allowed into stadiums during his presidency, the Supreme Leader took a clear stance, objecting to the idea and declaring it wholly unacceptable. “Ahmadinejad accepted this, and reversed his position. But now Ms. Molavardi is pursuing it.”
I also wanted to confirm that the leaflets — some of which warned of a “bloody uprising” — had been issued and distributed by the seminary, in collaboration with Ansar-e-Hezbollah.
https://www.theguardian.com/world/2015/jun/20/iran-vice-president-attacks-hardliners-over-volleyball-ban-for-female-fans
20 June 2015:
An Iranian volleyball official said the 200 women’s tickets had not been approved by security officials and so were not valid. Hardliners have recently stepped up their campaign against women watching live sport, handing out posters in central Tehran branding female volleyball fans as prostitutes and sluts.
https://twitter.com/amirtaheri4/status/615880170642276352
June 30, 2015: AYATOLLAH ALAM AL-HODA TODAY: WOMEN DISREGARDING HIJAB ARE THREAT TO ISLAM. IF NEEDED WE HAVE NOT ONLY TO CUT THEIR HAIR BUT THEIR HEAD.
http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Barelvi-fatwa-Women-can-run-business-but-not-deal-with-men/articleshow/47874049.cms
"June 30, 2015: The Sunni Barelvi Markaz of Dargah Ala Hazrat here has passed a fatwa saying that Muslim women are eligible to run their own business. There is, however, a catch—they can only run those businesses in which their interaction is limited to other women. The fatwa came after Zaima Shaikh, from Buckingham, UK, asked the body on June 22 whether women from the community are allowed to run their own business. "Shaikhs have expressed surprise with our response, but even the first wife of Prophet Mohammed, Hazrat Khadeeja, was the biggest entrepreneur in Mecca. She used to deal in foodgrain and send her products to Syria, Lebanon, Yemen and other countries with the help of a mediator," said Mufti Mohammed Saleem Noori, who passed the fatwa."
http://en.iranwire.com/features/6613/
July 9, 2015: In Iran, there is no legal provision for dealing with sexual harassment or assault in the workplace. This also means that the country lacks official reports regarding the number of sexual harassment complaints in Iran, effectively rendering the cases invisible.
“Iranian women are aware that society, the courts and organizations do not support them, so they usually don’t file complaints,” says Darvishpour. “If a victim is brave enough to stand up to misogynist culture and open a case in court or via an official organization, not only does she not have any chance of winning her case but her reputation will also be damaged. Therefore, most women prefer to stay clear, either by leaving their job or remaining a victim for the rest of their lives.”
http://en.abna24.com/service/iran/archive/2015/08/01/703446/story.html
http://en.rasanews.ir/detail/News/3046/-100
July 30, 2015: Ayatollah Fazel-Lankarani pointed out that some legal rulings in Islam which are related to women’s issues were specifically for the past. He added that in the cases where Islam forbids women from participating in, from such issues as judgeship, are due to a higher purpose, such as that they prevent women from suffering mental harm. Islam respects the privacy of women, thus for this reason, it is not their duty to become judges.
He pointed out the duties of men toward women and said Islam protects women and for this reason, Islam states that women cannot leave the house without her husband’s or guardian’s permission. “This is justified because of the many dangers lurking outside the home for women,” he said.
http://en.rasanews.ir/detail/News/3240/-100
August 29, 2015: [Hujjat al-Islam Muhammad Redha Zibaei-Nejad]...further stated that the equality of men and women must be focused on issues such as morality, kind-dispossession and conduct, and not on the different roles men and women posses in the family, which must be preserved in order to prevent harm to the family unit.
By also alluding to modern films and TV series which aim to show women as dominant and independent whilst painting men as feeble bystanders, Zibaei-Nejad stated: "This (aim of) weakening of the man's leadership and management ability of a household will deface the family unit and lead to more serious issues in the future."
http://www.theguardian.com/world/iran-blog/2015/sep/15/iran-hijab-backfired-sexual-harassment
Sep 15, 2015: The irony of a system that goes to great lengths to “protect women’s bodies” is that while harassers are acting freely, stalking and groping under the eyes of all, the moral police is arresting women for “bad hijab”, skimpy manteaus or tight leggings.
In the same Vanak Square where I face regular catcalling and stalking, the moral police routinely apprehends women for immodest clothing. The sexual predation right under their eyes seems of no concern to them.
There is, however, one thing a woman can do to avoid sexual harassment. The magical wand to ward off men is simple: another man. “You absolutely don’t get the same kind of unwanted attention,” says Aisha. “It’s as if a man is a weapon to defend yourself. It’s a deterrence mechanism. It’s assumed he ‘owns’ you, as your relative, boyfriend or even just a neighbour, so no-one is allowed to bother or touch you.”
http://www.rferl.org/content/iran-female-soccer-star-protests-husband-travel-ban/27248135.html
http://www.huffingtonpost.com/entry/niloufar-ardalan-husband-iranian-soccer-team_us_55f97b33e4b0d6492d63b206
Sep 14, 2015: "As of now, Niloufar Ardalan, captain of the Iranian national women’s soccer team, will not be allowed to travel to or compete in the Asian Football Federation Women’s Futsal Championship held in Malaysia later this month. The reason is her husband, who has denied her his consent to leave the country. According to Islamic law, wives must have their husbands’ approval before renewing or acquiring passports, and Ardalan’s husband has reportedly refused to give her that permission, insisting that she remain at home for their son’s first day of school on Sept. 23. “Lady Goal,” as Ardalan is nicknamed in the Iranian athletic community, decided to speak out about this issue last week, explaining her predicament and explicating the prejudices of Iranian’s gender-specific laws."
https://en.iranwire.com/features/6783/
Sep 16, 2015: Influential Isfahan imam Sayed Yousef Tabatabaei-Nejad advised women to stay at home and “care for their husbands” while men go out and earn a living during a Friday prayers sermon in late August, an incident that has angered feminists and women’s rights activists in Iran.
“Prioritize your husbands when it comes to being employed. It’s the only way that your marriage will work,” said Ayatollah Nejad. “In the meantime, you can graciously stay at home and be the lady of the house.”
.....
During last year’s acid attacks, when multiple Iranian women were injured, the conservative cleric said during another Friday prayers, "Hejab is the symbol of women's piety. Anyone who deviates from it is deviating from Islam."
This time, however, Nejad’s qualm was with growing divorce rates in Iran. “One out of five marriages in Isfahan fails,” he said, reported Gilan online. “In the early days of the revolution, women never thought of economic factors in marriage but now they do.”
http://www.memri.org/report/en/0/0/0/0/0/0/8949.htm
http://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-gender-equality-un-islamic-women-fit-only-to-deliver-children-says-kerala-sunni-leader-2150024
Sep 28, 2015: Kerala [Barelvi] Sunni leader Kanthapuram AP Aboobacker Musalyar has controversially described the concept of gender equality as being “un-Islamic” and said that women could never equal men as “they are fit only to deliver children”.
Musalyar, the chief of All India Sunni Jamiyyathul Ulama, said on Saturday that women do not have mental strength and do not possess the power to control the universe, “which lies in the hands of men.”
“Gender equality is something which is never going to be a reality. It is against Islam, humanity and was intellectually wrong,” he said while speaking at a camp of Muslim Students Federation (MSF) in Kozhikode.
“Women can never equal men. They are fit only to deliver children. Women cannot withstand crisis situations,” he said. He wondered if there was even a single woman among thousands of cardiac surgeons.
The 76-year-old Islamic scholar’s remarks against reservation for women in elections had set off another controversy recently. He had said 50% reservation of seats for women in civic polls was “too high” but retracted the statement later when it became controversial.
Referring to the ongoing debates over allowing girls and boys to share seats in colleges, Musalyar said it was “part of a calculated move to destroy Islam and culture.” He also dismissed recent allegations regarding sexual exploitations at madrasas and asked those who raised allegations to bring evidence to prove it.
A controversy had erupted recently after a woman journalist wrote an account on her Facebook wall about the alleged sexual abuse of young boys and girls in madrasas.
http://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2015/10/05/out-of-sight-letter-from-baghdad-rania-abouzeid
5 Oct 2015: Iraqi militias largely funded by enforced prostitution & sex slavery
https://www.amnesty.org/en/documents/mde13/3878/2016/en/
https://www.amnesty.org/en/latest/news/2015/10/iran-imprisoned-cartoonist-subjected-to-forced-virginity-test/
Oct 9, 2015: A recent revelation by satirical cartoonist Atena Farghadani that she was forced to undergo a “virginity and pregnancy test”, prior to her trial for a charge of “illegitimate sexual relations” for shaking hands with her lawyer, has added another stain on Iran’s shameful record of violence against women, Amnesty International said today.
http://www.rferl.org/content/iran-ayatollah-criticizes-working-women/27408621.html
Dec 5, 2015: "Why do people always insist that women work, although so many of our men are unemployed," said Ayatollah Seyyed Yousef Tabatabai-Nejad, the leading preacher in the central city of Isfahan.
In an Islamic country, men should support women and not the other way round, he said in comments quoted by Iranian media on December 5. He accused Rohani of pursuing policies that promote women, including encouraging them to work in politics.
.....
Working women had gained independence and this had led to an increase in the divorce rate, Tabatabai-Nejad said, adding that the job market should prioritize men and thereby avoid marital problems. Tabatabai-Nejad suggested as a solution a ban on women working in ministries, in companies, or as shop assistants.
http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/Sunni-women-should-take-marital-discord-to-sharia-court-cannot-travel-with-brother-in-law/articleshow/50147317.cms
Dec 15, 2015: What should a Muslim woman do to get out of an oppressive and dysfunctional marriage? "She should first talk to elders in he family , try to get the crisis defused and, as a last resort, she should approach a Sunni shariah court to get justice." This is how senior cleric Mufti Nizamuddin Razavi replied to a question raised by a woman through a male intermediary on Friday , the first day of the 25th annual Sunni jtema (congregation) held by the Sunni Dawate Islami at Azad Maidan from December 11-13. The fact that one can approach a civil court too in the country , if justice is denied, didn't find any mention.
The Mufti's answers at the ijtema's hour-long question-answer session, attended by thousands of women from the city and suburbs, appeared patronizing and patriarchal to some. Asked if women should go for waxing and eyebrow threading, the Mufti pronounced: "Don't do waxing and eyebrow threading. It is haram (non-permissible)." Another question was about whether a woman can perform haj accompanied by her brother-in-law (brother of sister's husband or brother of husband)? "No. Why only haj? A woman should not travel with her brother in-law otherwise too," the Mufti said. He also advised parents against naming their daughters after male emperors like Shahjahan, which he said reeks of "arrogance and power".
....
Though the discourses and preaching focused more on women's role in bringing up their children rather than on anything about their own career, few women were found complaining. "The discourses tell us about our rights. They empower us and inform us how to live as true Muslims," said Shamina Irfan Shaikh, principal of Kur la-based Al Barkat School.When asked if she felt any discomfort in her burqa, Naseem Rais, a senior volunteer at the ijtema, said: "No. I wear burqa out of my own choice, as shariat demands it."
https://www.iranhumanrights.org/2015/12/shahindokht-mowlaverdi/
23 Dec 2015:
On December 23, 2015 it published a fierce attack on Mowlaverdi, describing her as “worse than the most famous prostitute in the world.”
Four days later, Mowlaverdi posted a public note on her Facebook page criticizing the publication and promising legal action against it. Ya Lesarat published an unapologetic piece in response which called on the Vice President to “join cohorts in London” if she was unhappy.
Minister of Culture and Islamic Guidance Ali Jannati has been the only official to come to Mowlaverdi’s defense. He warned that Ya Lesarat’s license could now be revoked in the next meeting of the Press Supervisory Board because it has three previous infractions as well.
Ya Lesarat has repeatedly defamed female activists, namely Nobel Peace Prize winner Shirin Ebadi, Zanan (Women) magazine editor Shahla Sherkat, and women’s rights lawyer Shadi Sadr.
http://islamtimes.org/ur/doc/news/512019/
12 Jan 2016:
خواتین کے موٹر سائیکل چلانے سے معاشرے میں بے راہ روی پھیلنے کا شدید خطرہ ہے، پیر عبدالماجد نقشبندی
https://www.mojahedin.org/newsen/43279/Iran-mullah-improperly-dressed-woman-receive-medal-of-disgrace
Jan 28, 2016: The Friday prayers imam of the city of Mashhad, northeast Iran, has described a woman receiving a medal from an Indian referee and Iran’s flag being raised as a “disgrace for the Islamic world”.
“When an improperly clothed woman goes on a pedestal to receive a medal, and then an Indian referee places a medal around her neck and the Iranian flag is raised, this is a disgrace for the Islamic world,” Alam al-Hoda said in his meeting with the deputy Minister of Sports and Youths.
“A few years ago I said our most important initiative was to present hijab in the international stage. With such a perspective we must take advantage of our management and take action in a way that in a women’s sports event not even one man should even film the event,” he added. (State-run Entekhab news agency – January 28, 2016)
“When an improperly clothed woman goes on a pedestal to receive a medal, and then an Indian referee places a medal around her neck and the Iranian flag is raised, this is a disgrace for the Islamic world,” Alam al-Hoda said in his meeting with the deputy Minister of Sports and Youths.
“A few years ago I said our most important initiative was to present hijab in the international stage. With such a perspective we must take advantage of our management and take action in a way that in a women’s sports event not even one man should even film the event,” he added. (State-run Entekhab news agency – January 28, 2016)
Feb 27, 2016: Barelvi cleric Abul khair Zubair said that women protection bill is an attempt to make Pakistan a liberal country.
http://www.geourdu.com/city-news/punjab-assembly-shamefully-law-pass-islam-law-makes-history/
Feb 27, 2016: Barelvi cleric Shah Ahmed Owais Noorani opposes women protection bill.
http://www.dawn.com/news/1242172/prime-time-shame
Feb 27, 2016: "At another point the Mufti also suggested women’s rights activists such as Farzana Bari, Marvi Sirmed and others who support and defend such legislation “imported from the United States should be exported to the US.” In another programme when the obscurantist Mufti Naeem was confronted by PML MPA Uzma Bukhari, who cited instances of child abuse by even the family members of the victims and rape cases involving teachers at religious schools, he responded by yelling “jahil” (illiterate) at her."
http://www.rferl.org/content/iran-lawmaker-parliament-no-place-for-women-donkeys/27587883.html
http://www.memritv.org/clip/en/5369.htm
http://www.memritv.org/clip_transcript/en/5369.htm
March 1, 2016:
Against the backdrop of the Iranian elections, held on February 26, 2016, Iranian Majlis member Nader Qazipour said that the Majlis is "no place for children or donkeys" and that it is "no place for women. It is a place where only men belong." The address was posted on the Internet on March 1.
Nader Qazipour: "It was not easy for us to build this country, so we will not give it away easily to any little boy or any fox. The Iranian parliament is no place for children or donkeys. The Iranian parliament is no place for women. It is a place where only men belong. If you send women to be parliament members, they will face catastrophes and your honor will be violated."
|
http://www.unewstv.com/70877/dialogue-tonight-with-sidra-iqbal-women-protection-bill-1st-march-2016
March 1, 2016: Shia cleric Amin Shaheedi on Sidra Iqbal's show "Dialogue Tonight" saying that women protection act was enacted to please Western governments and would lead to rise in divorce rates.
http://www.dawn.com/news/1243241/article-6-applicable-against-punjab-assembly
March 3, 2016: "ISLAMABAD: The Council of Islamic Ideology (CII) on Wednesday said that Article 6 of the Constitution, which deals with treason, could be applied against the Punjab Assembly for approving a bill without the council’s consent. “Pakistan was established on the basis of the two nation theory and Islam is the religion of the country, and the council is a constitutional body to ensure that all the laws are formulated in accordance [with] Sharia,” Maulana Mohammad Khan Sherani, the council chairperson, told the media after the first of a two-day CII meeting. He said the council has received the Protection of Women against Violence Bill 2015, with was recently passed by the Punjab Assembly, but the council has not yet reviewed it because it is in English."
http://dailypakistan.com.pk/metropolitan1/10-Mar-2016/345946
http://islamtimes.org/ur/doc/news/525480/
4 March 2016:
شیعہ علماء کونسل پاکستان کی حقوق نسواں بل پر اسلامی نظریاتی کونسل کے فیصلے کی تائید
http://www.urdupoint.com/pakistan/news/islamabad/important-news/main-news-212631.html
6 March 2016: mullahs of all sects opposed women bill
http://dailypakistan.com.pk/metropolitan4/09-Mar-2016/345219
http://islamtimes.org/ur/doc/news/526274/
8 March 2016:
تحفظ حقوق نسواں بل اسلام کے خاندانی نظام سے متصادم ہے، نیاز نقوی
http://ur.rasanews.ir/detail/News/9167/2
March 14, 2016:
http://urdu.shiitemedia.net/10393
http://ur.rasanews.ir/detail/News/9173/2
March 15, 2016:
http://dailypakistan.com.pk/metropolitan1/10-Mar-2016/345946
http://islamtimes.org/ur/doc/news/525480/
4 March 2016:
شیعہ علماء کونسل پاکستان کی حقوق نسواں بل پر اسلامی نظریاتی کونسل کے فیصلے کی تائید
http://www.urdupoint.com/pakistan/news/islamabad/important-news/main-news-212631.html
6 March 2016: mullahs of all sects opposed women bill
http://dailypakistan.com.pk/metropolitan4/09-Mar-2016/345219
http://islamtimes.org/ur/doc/news/526274/
8 March 2016:
تحفظ حقوق نسواں بل اسلام کے خاندانی نظام سے متصادم ہے، نیاز نقوی
http://ur.rasanews.ir/detail/News/9167/2
March 14, 2016:
شیعہ علما کونسل پاکستان کے مرکزی جنرل سکریٹری حجت الاسلام عارف حسین واحدی اور شیعہ علماء کونسل سندھ کے صدر حجت الاسلام سید ناظر عباس تقوی نے اپنے الگ الگ بیان میں تحفظ نسواں بل کو اسلام سے متصادم اور خاندانی نظام کیلئے زہر قاتل بتایا ۔
http://urdu.shiitemedia.net/10393
http://ur.rasanews.ir/detail/News/9173/2
March 15, 2016:
حجت الاسلام شبیر حسن میثمی نے کہا : حقوق نسواں بل سے گھریلو نظام تباہ طلاق کی شرح میں اضافہ اور گھریلوں مشکلات میں اضافہ ہوگا ۔
http://dailypakistan.com.pk/front-page/16-Mar-2016/348913
http://www.express.pk/story/471166/
15 March 2016:
مجلس وحدت المسلمین کے رہنما علامہ امین شہیدی نے کہا کہ اگر سر ٹھیک ہو جائے تو پھر سارا دھڑ ٹھیک ہو جاتا ہے، ہمیں پوری دنیا پرمسلط نظام کے ایجنڈے کو سمجھنے کی ضرورت ہے، ایسے لوگوں کو لایا جاتا ہے جو مغرب کے ایجنڈے کو پایہ تکمیل تک پہنچائیں، عورت کے مقام کو ختم کر کے نمائشی چیز بنانے کی کوشش کی جا رہی ہے۔
http://www.dawn.com/news/1245980
http://pakobserver.net/2016/03/16/religious-leaders-want-repeal-of-womens-protection-law/
http://www.brecorder.com/top-stories/0/25818/
http://toi.in/VqIwBY13
Oct 15, 2016:
A signature campaign against the National Law Commission's decision to seek public opinion on the Uniform Civil Code and the Centre's alleged attempt to abolish triple talaq in one sitting was initiated by leaders of Darul Uloom Farangi Mahal after Friday prayers at Aishbagh Eidgah.
....
"We may agree to disagree on certain issues as far as Shia and Sunni communities are concerned, but our stand on Uniform Civil Code is clear we do not approve of any such move of the Centre," said Shia cleric Maulana Yasoof Abbas who is also a member of All India Shia Personal Law Board (AISPLB).
http://toi.in/YxyQob54
http://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-news-india/uniform-civil-code-barelvi-sect-targets-modi-govt-3085180/
16 Oct 2016:
7 Nov 2016:
A Lebanese woman detained for refusing a religious court's order to hand her child over to his father has declared a "revolution against oppression" of Shiite custody laws following her release from jail Monday.
http://www.rferl.org/a/28159783.html
6 Dec 2016: Minou Aslani, head of the Women's Basij organization in Iran, has condemned efforts to increase the number of women in parliament and opposed campaigns to curb domestic violence as perceived assaults on Iranian society and traditional family values.
https://www.niqash.org/en/articles/society/5425/In-Southern-Iraq-Local-Women-Face-Opposition---On-And-Off-The-Field.htm
15 Dec 2016:
http://toi.in/4vgMYa
http://toi.in/qDkoDZ31
29 Dec 2016: BAREILLY: In a move that will generate fresh controversy over the practice of triple talaq in the country, a cleric at the influential Dargah Aala Hazrat here on Thursday issued a fatwa declaring that it was not necessary for a woman to be present or hear when she is given triple talaq, nor was her signature needed on divorce papers.
https://twitter.com/united4iran/status/819969677287886848
http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/middle-east/womens-rights-iran-arrested-motorbike-motorcycle-revolutionary-religious-values-dezful-video-a7527051.html
13 Jan 2017:
https://www.tehrandispatch.com/single-post/2017/04/08/Tehrans-first-marathon-no-women-allowed
7 April 2017:
https://www.rferl.org/a/iran-cleric-loose-veil-women-prostitutes-backlash/28536295.html
2 June 2017:
http://iranhrdc.org/english/publications/legal-commentary/1000000261-gender-inequality-and-discrimination-the-case-of-iranian-women.html#2
https://en.iranwire.com/features/5576/
According to article 1180 of the civil code, a father can give the custody of the child to the mother, but the guardianship remains with the father or the grandfather. A mother must secure the father’s permission to open a bank account for their child or to withdraw money from his or her account.
.....
One of the biggest problems with the custody laws, says another lawyer, has been “Article 1170 of the civil code, which ruled that if the mother remarried when she had custody – even if she had the permission and consent of the child – her custodial rights were revoked’. This provision does not apply to men. “If the father remarried,” she adds, “his guardianship and custodial rights remain as before”.
http://www.international-divorce.com/Iran-Family-Law.htm
Article 1109 - Cost of maintenance of a divorced wife during the period of “uddeh” is to be borne by the husband, unless the divorce has taken place because of disobedience. But if the uddeh arises from the cancellation of the marriage or a final divorce, the wife is not entitled to cost of maintenance, unless she is with child from her husband in which case she shall be entitled to cost of maintenance till her child is born.
Article 1110 - The wife is not entitled to cost of maintenance if she is passing through the uddeh period due to the death of her husband.
Article 1111 - The wife can refer to the court if her husband refuses to provide for her maintenance. In such a case the court will fix the amount and will compel the husband to pay it.
=========================
Female education
https://iranwire.com/en/features/1374
After she opened Iran's first girls school in 1906, Sheikh Fazlollah Nouri, a reactionary mullah, issued an edict calling girls schools to be against Islamic laws. Another cleric published a pamphlet that stated: “Pity the country which has girl schools.”
https://www.facebook.com/missaghi/posts/10152424853177755
https://iranwire.com/fa/news/qom/11529
25 Apr 2014: Ayatollah Jafar Sobhani: Enrollment of large numbers of young women in Iranian universities is inappropriate and ill-advised.
https://www.iranhumanrights.org/2015/02/womenreport-womens-education/
Feb 23, 2015: As Ayatollah Ahmad Jannati, the Chairman of the Guardian Council, the body that vets candidates for political office and approves legislation passed by Parliament, said at Tehran Friday prayers in November 2008, “One of the problems women’s university education has caused for us is that when suitors seek their hand in marriage, perhaps the first question asked is his educational level. …[Women] should know that they are destroying their own lives and the country will also face problems as a result of the increased marriage age,” he said. “Women’s university education has become problematic.”
....
Drawing a direct connection between education and employment opportunities considered undesirable for women, Grand Ayatollah Jafar Sobhani, a leading cleric from Qom, said at a meeting with Payam-e Nour University Chancellor on April 25, 2014, “It is not necessary for all women to attend the university, because this will cause expectations in the employment field, as well.”
In a speech on April 19, 2014, Iran’s Supreme Leader, Ayatollah Seyed Ali Khamenei made it clear that gender-based university admissions were carried out with his full support: “There are some professions that are not commensurate with a woman’s make, so they shouldn’t pursue those. One thing to do is not to impose on women [an] education that leads to those jobs. On the issue of universities and education, some make a lot of noise about discrimination in education; such discrimination is not a bad thing everywhere…this discrimination is justice itself…. [Therefore,] based on those high goals, we must look to see what studies are suitable for women, and make those studies available to them. Just because she participated in the University Entrance Exam, or because she scored a certain score, we must not force her to study a certain major which may not be compatible with her feminine nature, nor compatible with her high goals, and where the jobs she will be offered as a result of these studies are not compatible with her.”
http://www.nafseislam.com/en/Literature/Urdu/Books/download/4147.pdf
http://www.memri.org/report/en/0/0/0/0/0/0/9249.htm
Misbahi went on to quote the Prophet Muhammad as saying: "Do not teach women to write." For this hadith, he cited Al-Mustadrak Lil-Hakim, a book of Islamic jurisprudence published by Darul Kutb Al-Ilmiyya, Beirut. He noted two other books of hadiths certifying this hadith: Shoab-ul-Iman and Sahih Ibn Habban (phonetics).
http://www.shiachat.com/forum/topic/234981080-rape-in-marriage-is-no-crime-says-cleric/?page=2
Legally speaking, there is no reason other than when it is haram on her.
4513 - روى الحسن بن محبوب، عن مالك بن عطية، عن محمد بن مسلم عن أبي جعفر عليه السلام قال: (جاءت امرأة إلى رسول الله صلى الله عليه واله فقالت: يا رسول الله ما حق الزوج على المرأة؟ فقال لها: تطيعه ولا تعصيه، ولا تصدق من بيتها شيئا إلا باذنه، ولا تصوم تطوعا إلا بإذنه، ولا تمنعه نفسها وإن كانت على ظهر قتب ولا تخرج من بيتها إلا بإذنه، فإن خرجت بغير إذنه لعنتها ملائكة السماء وملائكة الارض، وملائكة الغضب، وملائكة الرحمة حتى ترجع إلى بيتها، فقالت: يا رسول الله من أعظم الناس حقا على الرجل؟ قال: والداه، قالت: فمن أعظم الناس حقا على المرأة؟ قال: زوجها، قالت: فمالي من الحق عليه مثل ما له علي؟ قال: لا ولا من كل مائة واحدة، فقالت: والذي بعثك بالحق نبيا لا يملك رقبتي رجل أبدا).
4513 - al-Hasan b. Mahbub narrated from Malik b. `Atiyya from Muhammad b. Muslim from Abu Ja`far عليه السلام. He said: A woman came to the Messenger of Allah صلى الله عليه واله and said: O Messenger of Allah, what is the right of the husband upon the wife? So he said to her: That she obey him and not disobey him, and that she not give any charity from his house except by his permission, and that she not fast voluntarily (i.e. not an obligatory fast) except with his permission, and that she not prevent him from herself even if she is upon the back of a camel saddle (qatab), and that she not leave his house except with his permission, for if she leaves without his permission the angels of the sky and the angels of the earth curse her, and the angels of wrath, and the angels of mercy, until she returns to his house. So she said: O Messenger of Allah, who of mankind has the greatest right upon the man? He said: His parents. She said: So who of mankind has the greatest right upon the woman? He said: Her husband. She said: So is there for me a right upon him like what he has upon me? He said: No, and not (even) one for every hundred. So she said: By the one who has sent you by truth as a prophet, no man will ever own my neck.
http://www.al-islam.org/islamic-family-life-sayyid-akhtar-rizvi/marital-affairs#womans-place-home
A Woman's Place is at Home
http://urdu.shafaqna.com/UR/13915
http://www.14publications.com/articles/marital-rape-husbands-right/
https://www.al-islam.org/completion-argument-maulana-sayyid-saeed-akhtar-rizvi/mutah-temporary-marriage
If a wife is disobedient to her husband, her maintenance is not obligatory on the husband even though she may be a permanent wife. This is a uniform verdict among all the Muslims.
https://www.al-islam.org/a-bundle-of-flowers-sayyid-faqih-imani/wife-and-pleasing-her-husband
Wife And Pleasing Her Husband
https://www.facebook.com/RnomiZ/posts/1109275092427624
Mufti Akmal Qadri Attari opposes Javed Ghamdi's moderate position on divorce, and says that 3 divorces happen instantly if a person asks anyone to write 3 divorces to his wife on the divorce paper and even if he has not written these words on the paper. If a husband just signs the divorce paper, 3 divorces happen instantly whether his wife is shown this document or not, whether he had intention to divorce or not.
https://www.al-islam.org/rights-women-islam-ayatullah-murtadha-mutahhari/part-eleven-polygyny#other-conditions-and-possibilities
Islam, by declaring polygyny permissible, did not mean to degrade woman; instead it has done her a great service. If, in case of a proportional excess in the number of women fit and in need of marriage over the number of marriageable men, which always has been and always will be, polygyny is not allowed, women become the lowest plaything of men. The behavior of men towards them becomes worse than towards a slave-girl. The reason for this is that in case of a slave-girl the man honors his undertaking at least in so far as he acknowledges her issue to be his child, while in the matter of a girl-friend, there is not even this much of an idea of any undertaking.
http://www.sistani.org/english/book/48/2349/
"2421. For a woman with whom permanent marriage is contracted, it is haraam to go out of the house without the permission of her husband, though her leaving may not violate the rights of the husband. Also she should submit herself to his sexual desires, and should not prevent him from having sexual intercourse with her, without justifiable excuse. And as long as she does not fail in her duties, it is obligatory on the husband to provide for her food, clothes and housing. And if he does not provide the same, regardless of whether he is able to provide them or not, he remains indebted to the wife.
2422. If the wife does not fulfil her matrimonial duties towards her husband, she will not be entitled for the food, clothes or housing, even if she continues to live with him. But if she refuses to obey occasionally, the common verdict is that even then she cannot claim any entitlement from her husband. But this verdict is a matter of Ishkal. In any case, there is no doubt that she does not forfeit her Mahr."
http://www.sistani.org/english/qa/01166/
Question: A woman, who is not obedient to her husband and does not carry out her matrimonial obligations, had, without his consent, left her matrimonial home and stayed with her parents for seven months. She, then went to a non-Islamic court, filed a divorce application, and demand maintenance and custody of the children. Has such a woman, who has violated her marital duties, any right in anything from her husband?
Question: Is it necessary that there be two witnesses when the formula of divorce is being recited?
http://islamopediaonline.org/fatwa/ayatollah-makarem-shirazi-declares-convention-elimination-all-forms-discrimination-against-wom
Ayatollah Makarem Shirazi declares the "Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women" adopted in 1979 by the U.N. General Assembly as "against Islam":
Question: The "Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women" [adopted in 1979 by the U.N. General Assembly] asks for a complete equality of men and women. It requires omission of any law that treats women differently, such as blood money or compensation for a tort, stipulated retaliation, witness, inheritance, divorce, etc. Is such equality accepted by Islam?
Answer: No, Islamic scholars have never accepted such equality in Islam. This kind of equality is against Islam.
http://www.shiachat.com/forum/topic/18822-does-a-wife-need-to-follow-her-husband-always/
http://dailypakistan.com.pk/front-page/16-Mar-2016/348913
http://www.express.pk/story/471166/
15 March 2016:
مجلس وحدت المسلمین کے رہنما علامہ امین شہیدی نے کہا کہ اگر سر ٹھیک ہو جائے تو پھر سارا دھڑ ٹھیک ہو جاتا ہے، ہمیں پوری دنیا پرمسلط نظام کے ایجنڈے کو سمجھنے کی ضرورت ہے، ایسے لوگوں کو لایا جاتا ہے جو مغرب کے ایجنڈے کو پایہ تکمیل تک پہنچائیں، عورت کے مقام کو ختم کر کے نمائشی چیز بنانے کی کوشش کی جا رہی ہے۔
http://www.dawn.com/news/1245980
http://pakobserver.net/2016/03/16/religious-leaders-want-repeal-of-womens-protection-law/
http://www.brecorder.com/top-stories/0/25818/
March 16, 2016: "Religious
parties and prominent Ulema and Mashaikh of the country here on
Tuesday called upon the Punjab government to withdraw the
controversial Women Protection Law by March 27 failing which the
religious forces would launch a joint movement against the
"anti-Shariah" policies of the rulers next month. "
.... "Presided over by Jamaat-e-Islami chief Senator Sirajul
Haq, the moot was attended by JUI(F) Chief Maulana Fazlur Rahman,
Jamaat al Da'wa chief Hafiz Muhammad Saeed, JUI(S) chief Maulana
Samiul Haq, JUP president Sahibzada Abul Khair Zubair, Professor
Sajid Mir, Allama Awais Noorani, Hafiz Husain Ahmed, Majlis e Wahdat
al Muslimeen leader Allama Ameen Shahedi, and others.
The declaration pronounced the love of the Holy Prophet as a valuable asset of the Ummah. It said the government had tried to practically negate the Nzamoos-e-Risalat Law by executing Ghazi Mumtaz Qadri, only to please the enemies of Islam and a small secular lobby in the country. It said that despite black out by the government and the media, a historic gathering at Mumtaz Qadri's funeral was a manifestation that the masses had totally rejected the government stance."
http://urdu.shiitenews.org/index.php?option=com_k2&view=item&id=39971:2016-03-18-11-27-51
March 18, 2016:
منصورہ لاہور میں منعقدہ دینی جماعتوں کے قائدین کے مشترکہ اجلاس میں سید ساجد علی نقوی کی نمائندگی میں شرکت کرنے والے تین رکنی وفد میں علامہ ڈاکٹر شیخ شبیر حسن میثمی صاحب نے اپنے خیالات کا اظہار کرتے ہوۓ کہا یہ اجتماع قوت کا اظہار ہے جو دور رس نتایج کا حامل ہوگا ، جنہوں نے ناموس رسالت پر اپنی جانیں قربان اور نثار کی الله تعالیٰ انکے درجات بلند کرے ، حقوق نسواں بل کے نقصانات کو واضح کرتے ہوئے کہا کے اس بل سے گھریلو نظام تباہ طلاق کی شرح میں اضافہ اور گھریلوں مشکلات میں اضافہ ہوگا مثلا وراثت کی پیچیدگیوں میں بھی اضافہ ہوگا انہوں نے توجہ دلاتے ہوۓ کہا کے ہمیں ان سے برے خطرات جیسے گھریلو آفات ناچ گانوں فحاشی کی صورت میں ہر گھر میں گھس چکا ہے اور میڈیا گھریلو اقدار کو تباہ کرنے کے ساتھ ساتھ آنے والی نسلوں کو مذہبی اقدار سے دور کر کے سیکولر بنانے میں مصروف عمل ہے
The declaration pronounced the love of the Holy Prophet as a valuable asset of the Ummah. It said the government had tried to practically negate the Nzamoos-e-Risalat Law by executing Ghazi Mumtaz Qadri, only to please the enemies of Islam and a small secular lobby in the country. It said that despite black out by the government and the media, a historic gathering at Mumtaz Qadri's funeral was a manifestation that the masses had totally rejected the government stance."
http://urdu.shiitenews.org/index.php?option=com_k2&view=item&id=39971:2016-03-18-11-27-51
March 18, 2016:
منصورہ لاہور میں منعقدہ دینی جماعتوں کے قائدین کے مشترکہ اجلاس میں سید ساجد علی نقوی کی نمائندگی میں شرکت کرنے والے تین رکنی وفد میں علامہ ڈاکٹر شیخ شبیر حسن میثمی صاحب نے اپنے خیالات کا اظہار کرتے ہوۓ کہا یہ اجتماع قوت کا اظہار ہے جو دور رس نتایج کا حامل ہوگا ، جنہوں نے ناموس رسالت پر اپنی جانیں قربان اور نثار کی الله تعالیٰ انکے درجات بلند کرے ، حقوق نسواں بل کے نقصانات کو واضح کرتے ہوئے کہا کے اس بل سے گھریلو نظام تباہ طلاق کی شرح میں اضافہ اور گھریلوں مشکلات میں اضافہ ہوگا مثلا وراثت کی پیچیدگیوں میں بھی اضافہ ہوگا انہوں نے توجہ دلاتے ہوۓ کہا کے ہمیں ان سے برے خطرات جیسے گھریلو آفات ناچ گانوں فحاشی کی صورت میں ہر گھر میں گھس چکا ہے اور میڈیا گھریلو اقدار کو تباہ کرنے کے ساتھ ساتھ آنے والی نسلوں کو مذہبی اقدار سے دور کر کے سیکولر بنانے میں مصروف عمل ہے
March
18, 2016: ڈکاٹر
علامہ شبیر حسن میثمی کی نجی ٹیلی ویژن
کے پروگرم میں حقوق نسواں کے موضوع پر
گفتگو
http://tribune.com.pk/story/1088427/religious-parties-reject-un-islamic-bills/
April 20, 2016: “We have set aside differences in jurisprudence and of madhhab [schools of thought], and have agreed to force the government to withdraw controversial bills, which it is trying to table in the National and provincial assemblies,” said Naqvi The meeting’s basic objective was to discuss the current domestic political situation, especially in the wake of Panama Papers, besides discussing recent bills which stirred up controversies such as Anti-Honour Killing amendment bill, Anti-Rape amendement bill and Punjab Protection of Women against Violence Act (PPWCA) which was tabled by the Punjab Assembly last month, Naqvi told reporters. The Anti-Honour Killings Laws (Criminal Laws Amendment) Bill and the Anti-Rape Laws (Criminal Laws Amendment) Bill were presented in the joint parliamentary session last month. However, the JUI-F, had raised objections over the bill, and demanded of the government to remove anti-Islamic clauses. The meeting was chaired by Allama Syed Sajid Ali Naqvi, attended, among others, by Jamaat-i-Islami chief Sirajul Haq, Jamaatud Dawa (JuD) chief Hafiz Saeed, JUI-F chief Maulana Fazlur Rehman, Markazi Jamiat Ahle Hadith president Senator Sajid Mir and Jamiat Ulema-e-Pakistan’s president Sahibzada Abul Khair Muhammad Zubair. During the meeting leaders of the religious parties agreed that they would continue to thwart the aims of elements who were trying to turn the country secular. “We will play the role of a bulwark against any anti-Islamic move.”
http://urdu.shiitemedia.net/11075
http://dailypakistan.com.pk/regional/20-Apr-2016/367616
20 April 2016:
https://twitter.com/amirtaheri4/status/728584403597856768
May 6, 2016: Friday sermon by #Ayatollah #Alam al-Hoda: #Girls who don't respect place assigned to them by Islam sholuldn't be admitted into universities
http://www.dawn.com/news/1260803/lightly-beating-wife-permissible-says-ciis-proposed-women-protection-bill
May 26, 2016: The Council of Islamic Ideology (CII) is deliberating on its proposed ‘model’ women’s protection bill, which allows a husband to ‘lightly’ beat his wife 'if needed' and prohibits mixing of the genders in schools, hospitals and offices.
The CII’s proposed bill claims women will have all the rights given to them under Shariah, prohibits interaction between na-mehrams at recreational spots and offices, and bans ‘dance, music, and sculptures created in the name of art’.
Earlier this year, the Punjab Assembly passed a women’s protection bill, which the CII and religious parties strongly rejected, declaring it ‘unIslamic’.
The Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (KP) government sent a similar bill to the Council for review, which it rejected on the basis of being ‘unIslamic’, and announced it will prepare a ‘model’ bill in response.
http://www.dawn.com/news/1269845
10 June 2016:
http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/middle-east/iranian-womens-clothing-is-causing-a-river-to-run-dry-cleric-says-a7077021.html
http://www.express.co.uk/news/world/679456/Iranian-cleric-women-dressingWestern-clothes-causing-rivers-to-run-dry
http://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/ayatollah-blames-drought-on-selfies-rxbc9n987
June 12, 2016: Iranian women who wear immodest clothing have caused the nation’s rivers to run dry and damaged the environment, a senior cleric has claimed.
Ayatollah Yousef Tabatabai-Nejad, an arch conservative prayer leader in the city of Isfahan, said that a strict Islamic dress code must be enforced to ward off drought. The controversial cleric, previously accused of provoking acid attacks on women who flouted the dress code and for advocating the use of the whip, called for a new crackdown on the phenomenon of “bad hijab”, meaning that women are not properly covered up.
During a sermon at the weekend, Mr Tabatabai-Nejad railed against the growing trend among Iranian women to post online photographs of themselves without their headscarf.
“They have brought me pictures that shows women by the side of the dry Zayanderud river,” the cleric said. “These actions will ensure the upper stream of the river will become dry too. Believe me it is true.
“You may ask yourself why European countries with so much crime and sin have so much rainfall . . . God punishes the believer, for remaining silent and letting girls take pictures by the river as if they were in European countries.”
http://mohabatnews.com/en/?p=2957
June 17, 2016: Promotion of feminism was equated by Iran’s Deputy of Women’s Social and Cultural Council, with a call to murder of babies.
This week Mehrangiz Rouhafza was quoted as saying: “Those who promote feminism are advocating the cause of pro-abortion groups which in other words is a promotion of the deliberate murder of babies.”
http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/middle-east/women-arrested-for-riding-bicycles-in-iran-and-made-to-sign-pledge-never-to-cycle-in-public-again-a7159761.html
April 20, 2016: “We have set aside differences in jurisprudence and of madhhab [schools of thought], and have agreed to force the government to withdraw controversial bills, which it is trying to table in the National and provincial assemblies,” said Naqvi The meeting’s basic objective was to discuss the current domestic political situation, especially in the wake of Panama Papers, besides discussing recent bills which stirred up controversies such as Anti-Honour Killing amendment bill, Anti-Rape amendement bill and Punjab Protection of Women against Violence Act (PPWCA) which was tabled by the Punjab Assembly last month, Naqvi told reporters. The Anti-Honour Killings Laws (Criminal Laws Amendment) Bill and the Anti-Rape Laws (Criminal Laws Amendment) Bill were presented in the joint parliamentary session last month. However, the JUI-F, had raised objections over the bill, and demanded of the government to remove anti-Islamic clauses. The meeting was chaired by Allama Syed Sajid Ali Naqvi, attended, among others, by Jamaat-i-Islami chief Sirajul Haq, Jamaatud Dawa (JuD) chief Hafiz Saeed, JUI-F chief Maulana Fazlur Rehman, Markazi Jamiat Ahle Hadith president Senator Sajid Mir and Jamiat Ulema-e-Pakistan’s president Sahibzada Abul Khair Muhammad Zubair. During the meeting leaders of the religious parties agreed that they would continue to thwart the aims of elements who were trying to turn the country secular. “We will play the role of a bulwark against any anti-Islamic move.”
http://www.jafariapress.com/?p=6891
http://ur.rasanews.ir/detail/News/9255/2
April 12, 2016:
حجت الاسلام عارف واحدی ... نے کہا : قومی اسمبلی میں اس ہفتے دو بل لائے جا رہے ہیں غیرت کے نام پر قتل کے بارے میں جو بل لایا جارہا ہے یہ بل کہ غیرت کے نام پر قتل ختم کرنے کے لئے یا اصل میں پاکستان سے غیرت کا جنازہ نکالنے کے لئے ہے ؟ ۔
حجت الاسلام عارف واحدی نے وضاحت کرتے ہوئے کہا : زنا بالجبر کے بل کا کیا معنی ہے پاکستان ایک اسلامی ریاست ہے زنا ایک جرم ہے زنا بالجبر پر قانون آئیگا زنا پر نہیں آئے گا یہ مغربی سوچ ہے پاکستان میں ایسا بل لانا پاکستان سے مزاق ہے اسلامی قوانین سے مزاق ہے ۔
http://islamtimes.org/ur/doc/news/534287/http://ur.rasanews.ir/detail/News/9255/2
April 12, 2016:
حجت الاسلام عارف واحدی ... نے کہا : قومی اسمبلی میں اس ہفتے دو بل لائے جا رہے ہیں غیرت کے نام پر قتل کے بارے میں جو بل لایا جارہا ہے یہ بل کہ غیرت کے نام پر قتل ختم کرنے کے لئے یا اصل میں پاکستان سے غیرت کا جنازہ نکالنے کے لئے ہے ؟ ۔
حجت الاسلام عارف واحدی نے وضاحت کرتے ہوئے کہا : زنا بالجبر کے بل کا کیا معنی ہے پاکستان ایک اسلامی ریاست ہے زنا ایک جرم ہے زنا بالجبر پر قانون آئیگا زنا پر نہیں آئے گا یہ مغربی سوچ ہے پاکستان میں ایسا بل لانا پاکستان سے مزاق ہے اسلامی قوانین سے مزاق ہے ۔
http://urdu.shiitemedia.net/11075
http://dailypakistan.com.pk/regional/20-Apr-2016/367616
20 April 2016:
وزیر قانون پنجاب رانا ثنا اللہ خان کی طرف سے حقوق نسواں بل پر خط کے جواب میں وفاق المدارس الشیعہ کے مرکزی نائب صدر علامہ نیاز حسین نقوی اور سیکرٹری جنرل علامہ محمد افضل حیدری کی طرف سے بھجوائی گئی سفارشات کی تفصیلات میں حقوق نسواں بل کی تمہید میں خواتین کے حسب منشاء آزادانہ کردار ادا کرنے کی حوصلہ افزائی کی شق کو مسترد کرتے ہوئے واضح کیا گیا ہے کہ اسلام عورت کو حسب منشاء آزادی کی اجازت نہیں دیتا بلکہ اس کیلئے اسلامی حدود و قیود معین ہیں جن کے اندر رہ کر خاتون معاشرے میں اپنا کردار ادا کر سکتی ہے۔ بل کے مطابق متاثرہ فریق کیلئے خاتون کا لفظ ماں، بیٹی، بہن اور بیوی کیلئے استعمال کیا گیا ہے، اس قانون کے تحت باپ بیٹی کو، بھائی بہن کو اور شوہر بیوی کو غلط ماحول میں جانے سے نہیں روک سکے گا جبکہ اولاد کی تر بیت والدین کی ذمہ داری ہے اور گھر کے ماحول پر نظر رکھ کر اس کو پاکیزہ بنانا، شوہر اور خاندان کے بزرگان کے فرائض میں شامل ہے۔
علامہ نیاز نقوی نے کہا کہ ہر شخص دائرہ اسلام میں آنے کے بعد اسلامی احکامات کا پابند ہے، مادرپدر آزاد نہیں، بل میں زیر کفالت افراد کی تعریف پر وفاق المدارس کی طرف سے کہا گیا ہے کہ بیٹے کیلئے ماں کو حق حضانت دو سال ہے، اس کے بعد وہ باپ کے ہاں رہے گا جبکہ بل میں 12 سال کی عمر بیان کی گئی ہے جو کہ شریعت کیخلاف ہے۔ شوہر کے ذمہ فقط اپنی نسبی اولاد کی کفالت ہے، نہ کہ بیوی کی لئے پالک اور رضاعی بچے یا جو بھی اس کے زیر کفالت ہوں۔ سفارشات میں یہ بھی نشاندہی کی گئی ہے کہ بل میں تشدد کی وضاحت نہیں کی گئی، شوہر بیوی پر جنسی تشدد نہ کرے کی وضاحت ہونی چاہیے۔ حقوق نسواں بل کے مطابق حفاظتی نظام سے مراد قانون کے تحت قائم کردہ کمیٹی، حفاظتی سینٹر اور دارالامان پر کہا گیا ہے کہ قانونِ اسلام کی بنیاد اصلاح پر ہے، نہ کہ تفریق اور دشمنی پر۔ اگر شوہر اور بیوی کے درمیان اختلاف ہو جائے تو سورہ النساء آیت 34/35 میں دونوں خاندانوں میں سے ایک ایک حَکَم مقرر ہونا چاہیے اور جھگڑے کی صورت میں اگر بیوی شوہر کے گھر میں رہے تو صلح کے امکانات زیادہ ہیں، نہ کہ دارالامان یا شیلٹر ہوم میں جانے سے۔
نفسیاتی تشدد کے ضمن کی گئی ترمیم کے بارے میں کہا گیا ہے کہ شوہر کے فرائض میں شامل ہے کہ عورت کو بے راہروی سے روکے اور بے مقصد گھر سے باہر نہ نکلنے دے، حتیٰ کہ شریعت کے مطابق طلاق رجعی کی صورت میں بھی بیوی کو شوہر کے گھر رہنے کا حکم ہے تاکہ صلح کا امکان باقی رہے اور اگر شوہر کی اجازت کے بغیر بیوی گھر سے نکلے تو شریعت اسلامیہ اس کی اجازت نہیں دیتی اور احادیث میں ہے کہ فرشتے واپسی تک اس پر لعنت کرتے ہیں۔ بل کے مطابق پروٹیکشن آرڈر کے اجرا پر اعتراض کرتے ہوئے سفارشا ت میں بل کی اکثر شقوں کو غیر شرعی اور اسلامی خاندانی نظام کے منافی قرار دیا گیا ہے اور واضح کیا گیا ہے کہ فقط تشدد کے ارادے پر سزا کا اسلام میں کوئی تصور نہیں ہے، اس قانون میں عورت کو ہر قسم کا مقدمہ دائر کرانے کی آزادی دینا غیر شرعی ہے۔
وفاق المدارس الشیعہ کی سفارشات میں واضح کیا گیا ہے کہ شیلٹر ہوم میں آزادی کی صورت میں حالات مزید خراب ہونگے، اس سے خاتون کی اصلاح نہیں ہو گی، برائی کے پھیلنے کے زیادہ امکانات ہیں۔ یہ بھی کہا گیا ہے کہ مذکورہ متنازع بل میں مرد کی کسی صورت میں حفاظت نہیں ہے، بہن کو بھائی، بیوی کو شوہر اور بیٹی کو باپ کو گھر سے نکالنے کی اجازت دینے سے معاشرہ بگاڑ کا شکار ہوگا، اصلاح نہیں ہوگی۔ سفارش میں کہا گیا ہے تشدد کی شکایت کی صورت میں خاتون کو شوہر سے الگ کرکے دارالامان، شیلٹر ہوم یا حفاظتی سینٹر کی بجائے والدین یا بھائیوں کے ساتھ بھیجا جائے تاکہ اس کی اصلاح بھی اور وہ محفوظ بھی رہے۔
https://twitter.com/amirtaheri4/status/728584403597856768
May 6, 2016: Friday sermon by #Ayatollah #Alam al-Hoda: #Girls who don't respect place assigned to them by Islam sholuldn't be admitted into universities
http://www.dawn.com/news/1260803/lightly-beating-wife-permissible-says-ciis-proposed-women-protection-bill
May 26, 2016: The Council of Islamic Ideology (CII) is deliberating on its proposed ‘model’ women’s protection bill, which allows a husband to ‘lightly’ beat his wife 'if needed' and prohibits mixing of the genders in schools, hospitals and offices.
The CII’s proposed bill claims women will have all the rights given to them under Shariah, prohibits interaction between na-mehrams at recreational spots and offices, and bans ‘dance, music, and sculptures created in the name of art’.
Earlier this year, the Punjab Assembly passed a women’s protection bill, which the CII and religious parties strongly rejected, declaring it ‘unIslamic’.
The Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (KP) government sent a similar bill to the Council for review, which it rejected on the basis of being ‘unIslamic’, and announced it will prepare a ‘model’ bill in response.
http://www.dawn.com/news/1269845
10 June 2016:
The
brothers of the deceased were of the view that under the Shia law of
inheritance, “an issueless widow is not entitled to claim her share from
the inheritance of her deceased husband”.
In
order to support their stance, the brothers produced a book titled
“Beevi ki Meeras” before the court authored by Allama Mufti Syed Tayab
Agha Mausvi Jazairi. According to the book, when the West Pakistan
Legislative Assembly was going to promulgate a law allowing issueless
widows a share of the estate of their deceased husbands, the Shia
community agitated against the move. As a result, the Legislative
Assembly did not legislate on the matter.
A
Shia lawyer explains that as there is a possibility that the childless
widow may get married a second time, she is not entitled to the share in
inherited land....
Renowned
Shia scholar and member of the Council of Islamic Ideology (CII) Allama
Syed Iftikhar Hussain Naqvi Najafi is of the view that the issueless
widow is entitled to inherit 1/4th share from the leftover estate of her
deceased husband.
According
to Mr Najafi, the issue of inheritance has been addressed in Surah
Al-Nisa, according to which, the widow is entitled to inheritance. The
scholar also referred to the books authored by Iraqi, Iranian and
Pakistani scholars on the law of inheritance.
It has been over a month since the judgment was announced. However, it has not been challenged as yet.
http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/middle-east/iranian-womens-clothing-is-causing-a-river-to-run-dry-cleric-says-a7077021.html
http://www.express.co.uk/news/world/679456/Iranian-cleric-women-dressingWestern-clothes-causing-rivers-to-run-dry
http://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/ayatollah-blames-drought-on-selfies-rxbc9n987
June 12, 2016: Iranian women who wear immodest clothing have caused the nation’s rivers to run dry and damaged the environment, a senior cleric has claimed.
Ayatollah Yousef Tabatabai-Nejad, an arch conservative prayer leader in the city of Isfahan, said that a strict Islamic dress code must be enforced to ward off drought. The controversial cleric, previously accused of provoking acid attacks on women who flouted the dress code and for advocating the use of the whip, called for a new crackdown on the phenomenon of “bad hijab”, meaning that women are not properly covered up.
During a sermon at the weekend, Mr Tabatabai-Nejad railed against the growing trend among Iranian women to post online photographs of themselves without their headscarf.
“They have brought me pictures that shows women by the side of the dry Zayanderud river,” the cleric said. “These actions will ensure the upper stream of the river will become dry too. Believe me it is true.
“You may ask yourself why European countries with so much crime and sin have so much rainfall . . . God punishes the believer, for remaining silent and letting girls take pictures by the river as if they were in European countries.”
http://mohabatnews.com/en/?p=2957
June 17, 2016: Promotion of feminism was equated by Iran’s Deputy of Women’s Social and Cultural Council, with a call to murder of babies.
This week Mehrangiz Rouhafza was quoted as saying: “Those who promote feminism are advocating the cause of pro-abortion groups which in other words is a promotion of the deliberate murder of babies.”
http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/middle-east/women-arrested-for-riding-bicycles-in-iran-and-made-to-sign-pledge-never-to-cycle-in-public-again-a7159761.html
July 28, 2016: A group of women has reportedly been arrested for riding bicycles in Iran and made to sign pledges not to repeat the “violation”.
They were planning to participate in a cycling event in the north-western city of Marivan when police told them a new government directive had barred women riding bicycles in public.
.....
Official signs appeared in May saying “bicycle riding for women is prohibited” in public walkways and police chiefs have previously warned that women caught cycling would be prosecuted.
Some parks have gender-segregated cycle lanes but in 1996 a mob of around 20 Islamists attacked women using one such facility in Chitgar Park, Tehran.
Without a defined penalty in Iran’s legal code, officers have previously used dress laws and other alleged offences including being in the company of unrelated men to harass female cyclists.
https://www.iranhumanrights.org/2016/08/women-riding-bicycle-campaign/
http://nation.com.pk/lahore/05-Sep-2016/campaign-to-make-women-lawmakers-wear-hijab
http://m.dailyhunt.in/news/india/urdu/baseerat+online-epaper-baonline/-newsid-58654753
Oct 3, 2016:
https://www.iranhumanrights.org/2016/08/women-riding-bicycle-campaign/
Many political and cultural obstacles nevertheless remain. Several senior Shia theologians in the holy city of Qom have issued religious decrees forbidding women from riding bicycles. Yet there is no legislation or mention against the activity in Iran’s New Islamic Penal Code.
“It is not forbidden for a girl to ride a bike in the courtyard inside her home, even for ten hours,”said Ayatollah Ahmad Alamolhoda, the ultra-conservative Friday Prayer leader of Mashhad in a sermon on June 10, 2011. “But if this girl rides her bike in the alley, her dress and movements will corrupt society.”
http://nation.com.pk/lahore/05-Sep-2016/campaign-to-make-women-lawmakers-wear-hijab
Sep 5, 2016: A private organisation working for the promotion of hijab among women is going to start a campaign across the country to persuade all women legislators to wear hijab.
Aalmi Chaddar Orh Tehrik, headed by Pir Kabir Ali Shah, at a ceremony on the World Hijab Day at the Alhamra Art Centre yesterday demanded ban through legislation on the use of mobile phones by female students in all educational institutions.
It also urged Pemra to order all female TV anchors to wear hijab while presenting their programmes.
The Tehrik, since its inception, has distributed about 550,000 chaddars among women belonging to various walks of life to motivate them to dress themselves according to Islamic tenets.
Through a resolution adopted on the occasion, the participants called upon the government functionaries not to shake hands with women during their foreign visits.
The resolution also called for a ban on Indian films, music and journals as they were like cultural invasion of Pakistan.
http://m.dailyhunt.in/news/india/urdu/baseerat+online-epaper-baonline/-newsid-58654753
Oct 3, 2016:
کامن سیول کوڈ کے نفاذ کی کوششوں کے خلاف سیرت النبی ؐ اکیڈمی کی جانب سے خواتین کی دستخطی مہم جاری ہے جس کا کل آغاز عمل میں آیا۔دفتر سیرت النبی ؐ اکیڈمی واقع نزد بارگاہ حضرت سید خواجہ محبوب اللہ ؒ قاضی پورہ حیدرآباد میں سینکڑوں خواتین کی موجودگی میں خواتین کی دستخطی مہم کی شروعات کی گئی ۔مولانا سید غلام صمدانی علی قادری صدرنشین سیرت النبی ؐ اکیڈمی نے اس موقع پر اپنے خطاب میں کہا کہ حیدرآباد کے مختلف مقامات پر خواتین کی دستخطی مہم چلائی جائے گی۔ اس کے علاوہ اضلاع کے سطح پر بھی دستخطی مہم میں خواتین اسلام کو شریک کیا جائے گا۔ انہوں نے کہا کہ چندمٹھی بھر نام نہاد مسلم خواتین کے نام پر اسلامی قوانین کو ہرگز تبدیل نہیں کیا جاسکتا' اس لئے سیرت النبیؐ اکیڈمی نے اس مہم کا آغاز کیا ہے۔ خواتین کی ان دستخطوں کو مرکزی حکومت کو پیش کیا جائے تاکہ یہ بتایا جائے ملک بھر کی مسلم خواتین شریعت میں مجوزہ تبدیلی کے مکمل خلاف ہیں۔انہوں نے کہاکہ فرح فیض نامی نام خاتون نے سپریم کورٹ میں 50 ہزار خواتین کی دستخطیں کامن سیول کوڈ کی تائید میں داخل کی ہیں۔اس کے جواب میں کل ہند مسلم پرسنل لاء بورڈ نے بھی دستخطی مہم کا آغاز کیا ہے۔سیرت النبی ؐ اکیڈمی بھی اس معاملہ میں فریق کے طور پر شامل ہے اس لئے اکیڈمی نے بھی زیادہ سے زیادہ دستخطوں کو جمع کرکے اسے حکومت ہند کو پیش کرنے کا فیصلہ کیا ہے۔ مولانا خواجہ شجاع الدین افتخاری حقانی پاشاہ جانشین حضرت گنج انوار ؒ نے کہا کہ چوں کہ فرقہ پرست طاقتیں اس ملک میں کامن سیول کوڈ راست طور پر نافذ نہیں کرسکتی ہیں اس لئے بعض نام نہاد مسلم خواتین کا سہارا لیتے ہوئے عدالت کے ذریعہ اسے نافذ کرنے کی سازش کی جارہی ہے۔فرقہ پرستوں کی سازشوں کوبے نقاب کرنے کے لئے لا تعداد مسلم خواتین کی دستخطیں جمع کرنے مہم کا آغاز کیاگیا ہے۔ مولانا سید عبدالقادر قادری وحید پاشاہ بانی ہاس انڈیا رضاکارانہ تنظیم نے ابتداء میں تمام کا استقبال کیا۔تقریب سے سید سکندر معشوقی صدرڈاکٹر ذاکر حسین (سابق صدر جمہوریہ ہند) میموریل کمیٹی ' محمد حسام الدین گیلکسی گروپ تعلیمی ادارہ جات' محمدمستان سکریٹری سینٹ سلیمان ہائی اسکول و جونیر کالج حسن نگر نے بھی خطاب کیا ۔مولانا سید غلام قادر قطب حسینی معتمد اکیڈمی نے شکریہ ادا کیا۔ ابتداء میں قراء ت کلام پاک سے تقریب سے آغاز ہوا۔ سید حسین محمد قادری' سید موسی قادری' سید ابراہیم قادری کے علاوہ خواتین کی کثیر تعداد موجود تھی۔
http://toi.in/VqIwBY13
Oct 15, 2016:
A signature campaign against the National Law Commission's decision to seek public opinion on the Uniform Civil Code and the Centre's alleged attempt to abolish triple talaq in one sitting was initiated by leaders of Darul Uloom Farangi Mahal after Friday prayers at Aishbagh Eidgah.
....
"We may agree to disagree on certain issues as far as Shia and Sunni communities are concerned, but our stand on Uniform Civil Code is clear we do not approve of any such move of the Centre," said Shia cleric Maulana Yasoof Abbas who is also a member of All India Shia Personal Law Board (AISPLB).
http://toi.in/YxyQob54
http://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-news-india/uniform-civil-code-barelvi-sect-targets-modi-govt-3085180/
16 Oct 2016:
Accusing the Narendra Modi government of hurting the religious sentiments of minority community, the Barelvi sect of Muslims Saturday announced to hold a massive protest and signature campaign against the “uniform civil code” and in favour of “triple talaq”.
A decision to this effect was taken at Dargah Aala Hazrat in Bareilly on Friday.
http://toi.in/k6BGgZ
21 Oct 2016: BAREILLY: Sunni Barelvi clerics on Friday began preparing to organize what they are calling a 'Shariat Bachao Andolan'. As part of this, they will prepare a plan on how to oppose the proposed Uniform Civil Code and the Centre's efforts to ban triple talaq.
http://www.dailystar.com.lb/News/Lebanon-News/2016/Nov-07/380074-lebanon-religious-court-decides-to-release-mother-in-custody-case.ashx#.WCCOaPQwLWU.twitterhttp://toi.in/k6BGgZ
21 Oct 2016: BAREILLY: Sunni Barelvi clerics on Friday began preparing to organize what they are calling a 'Shariat Bachao Andolan'. As part of this, they will prepare a plan on how to oppose the proposed Uniform Civil Code and the Centre's efforts to ban triple talaq.
7 Nov 2016:
A Lebanese woman detained for refusing a religious court's order to hand her child over to his father has declared a "revolution against oppression" of Shiite custody laws following her release from jail Monday.
http://www.rferl.org/a/28159783.html
6 Dec 2016: Minou Aslani, head of the Women's Basij organization in Iran, has condemned efforts to increase the number of women in parliament and opposed campaigns to curb domestic violence as perceived assaults on Iranian society and traditional family values.
https://www.niqash.org/en/articles/society/5425/In-Southern-Iraq-Local-Women-Face-Opposition---On-And-Off-The-Field.htm
15 Dec 2016:
The captain of Iraq’s kabaddi team is frustrated. Ilham Abdul-Hussein says that many of her team mates have quit the sport – an intense combination of wrestling, speed and strength that originated in ancient India – because it’s seen as inappropriate for women.
Of the team members who have left, Abdul-Hussein, who lives in Diwaniya, says, they would often be harassed. “The audience would describe them as women of loose morals,” Abdul-Hussein explains.
http://toi.in/4vgMYa
http://toi.in/qDkoDZ31
29 Dec 2016: BAREILLY: In a move that will generate fresh controversy over the practice of triple talaq in the country, a cleric at the influential Dargah Aala Hazrat here on Thursday issued a fatwa declaring that it was not necessary for a woman to be present or hear when she is given triple talaq, nor was her signature needed on divorce papers.
https://twitter.com/united4iran/status/819969677287886848
http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/middle-east/womens-rights-iran-arrested-motorbike-motorcycle-revolutionary-religious-values-dezful-video-a7527051.html
13 Jan 2017:
Two women have been arrested for breaking “revolutionary norms and values” after being filmed riding a motorbike in Iran.
Officials in the city of Dezful said they had “exploited the opportunity” presented by a lack of police in a national park to commit an “obscene act” worsened by the spread of footage online.
....
It is not against the law for women to ride motorbikes in Iran but it can be punished as a violation of modesty laws, which have also sparked the arrest of women cyclists.
https://www.tehrandispatch.com/single-post/2017/04/08/Tehrans-first-marathon-no-women-allowed
7 April 2017:
Hundreds of runners took part in Tehran's first-ever marathon on Friday, but many women were outraged to find they could only run a short distance in a closed-off stadium.
While men ran through Iran's capital in the morning, women were allowed to run just 10 kilometres (six miles) in Azadi stadium in the afternoon -- with no male spectators or officials permitted.
https://twitter.com/masihpooyan/status/850704694989266945
https://twitter.com/masihpooyan/status/850793648862220289
8 April 2017: This billboard says: "No Women, No Dogs, No Cats Allowed Inside the Stadium" How would you feel if it was saying "No Dogs No Blacks? 😔#Iranhttps://twitter.com/masihpooyan/status/850704694989266945
https://twitter.com/masihpooyan/status/850793648862220289
https://www.rferl.org/a/iran-cleric-loose-veil-women-prostitutes-backlash/28536295.html
2 June 2017:
But recent comments by the Friday Prayer leader of the central Iranian city of Saveh, who likened women who don't fully respect the Islamic head scarf to prostitutes, appear to mark a new low.
Hojatoleslam Seyed Ebrahim Hosseini reportedly made the comments during his Friday Prayers sermon on June 2. He criticized those who are against compulsory veiling while defending it as one of Islam's "most-pressing issues."
"The white veil, like those green and purple wristbands -- they all smell of sedition. They're all like flags that prostitutes would hang over their roofs in the [Dark Ages]," Hosseini said, according to an audio recording of his comments posted online.
The cleric named Maulana Yasoob Abbas said to D'Souza, “Underwear pehanke [aap debate mein] aiye. Mard aur aurat barabar hojayege na." [Come to this debate dressed in your underwear. Then there will be equality between men and women.]
http://almon.co/2z2m
2017: Stories of divorced mothers who fought for custody of their children abound in Lebanon; some of the women appealed court rulings from the Jaafari court, while others were imprisoned for violating custody rulings. One such famous case from a year ago involved Fatima Hamzeh, who was jailed for refusing to give up custody of her son. In another case, Rita Choucair, the mother of a 5-year-old boy, got a divorce in 2015 and was banned from seeing or even calling him. Choucair can now see her son, but only for three hours a week. The Jaafari court stipulates that fathers get custody of their sons when they are older than 2 and daughters when they are 7.
2017: Stories of divorced mothers who fought for custody of their children abound in Lebanon; some of the women appealed court rulings from the Jaafari court, while others were imprisoned for violating custody rulings. One such famous case from a year ago involved Fatima Hamzeh, who was jailed for refusing to give up custody of her son. In another case, Rita Choucair, the mother of a 5-year-old boy, got a divorce in 2015 and was banned from seeing or even calling him. Choucair can now see her son, but only for three hours a week. The Jaafari court stipulates that fathers get custody of their sons when they are older than 2 and daughters when they are 7.
http://iranhrdc.org/english/publications/legal-commentary/1000000261-gender-inequality-and-discrimination-the-case-of-iranian-women.html#2
"According to Islamic sources, the criterion for criminal responsibility is when an individual reaches the age of maturity which, according to the Shi’ite school of Islam practiced by the IRI, is 9 lunar years (8 years and 9 months) for girls and 15 lunar years (14 years and 7 months) for boys. For years, lawyers have argued that the recognition of criminal responsibility for a girl of 8 years and 9 months old and a boy of 14 years and 7 months old conflicts with the modern needs of society and violates international standards including the Convention on the Rights of Child.
Article 147 of Iran’s new Penal Code, which was approved in January 2012, stipulates the age of maturity as 9 lunar years for girls and 15 lunar years for boys. Despite this stipulation in the Penal Code, some Iranian Shi’a clerics consider the age of maturity for girls to be higher. Ayatollah Yousef Sanei, for example, set the age of maturity for girls at 13 years old and not 9 years old. But the Penal Code has followed the fatwa by the majority of conservative clerics who deem 9 years to be the age of maturity for girls."
....
According to Shi’a jurisprudence as reflected in the Penal Code, a father, and any male paternal ascendant (e.g. father’s father), cannot be put to death for killing his child (or descendant). This rule does not apply to the mother and the ascendant (e.g. mother’s mother) and has its roots in patriarchal systems where fathers hold authority over women, children and property. According to Article 299 of the new Penal Code
“Qisas shall be delivered only if the perpetrator is not the father, or a paternal grandfather, of the victim ...”.
Cases in which fathers kill their own children are usually cases of honor killing. For example, in 2009, a father killed his 16 year old daughter in Tehran. He told the police that he had been suspicious of his daughter’s behavior for some time. According to him, his daughter left the house in the early morning to meet a friend and when she came back around 9 p.m. he shot her twice and killed her. According to the police, the family seemed happy and some family members even thanked the father for killing her.
...
if a mother wants to keep the custody of her child after divorce, she must refrain from re-marriage; otherwise, she will lose custody. Article 1170 of Civil Code provides:
“If the mother becomes insane or marries another man during her period of custody, the custody shall devolve upon the father.”
There is no such restriction for the father. When a father obtains the custody of his child, even if he marries, he will keep the custody and the child’s mother cannot claim the custody back on this ground.
https://en.iranwire.com/features/5576/
According to article 1180 of the civil code, a father can give the custody of the child to the mother, but the guardianship remains with the father or the grandfather. A mother must secure the father’s permission to open a bank account for their child or to withdraw money from his or her account.
.....
One of the biggest problems with the custody laws, says another lawyer, has been “Article 1170 of the civil code, which ruled that if the mother remarried when she had custody – even if she had the permission and consent of the child – her custodial rights were revoked’. This provision does not apply to men. “If the father remarried,” she adds, “his guardianship and custodial rights remain as before”.
http://www.international-divorce.com/Iran-Family-Law.htm
Article 1109 - Cost of maintenance of a divorced wife during the period of “uddeh” is to be borne by the husband, unless the divorce has taken place because of disobedience. But if the uddeh arises from the cancellation of the marriage or a final divorce, the wife is not entitled to cost of maintenance, unless she is with child from her husband in which case she shall be entitled to cost of maintenance till her child is born.
Article 1110 - The wife is not entitled to cost of maintenance if she is passing through the uddeh period due to the death of her husband.
Article 1111 - The wife can refer to the court if her husband refuses to provide for her maintenance. In such a case the court will fix the amount and will compel the husband to pay it.
=========================
Female education
https://iranwire.com/en/features/1374
After she opened Iran's first girls school in 1906, Sheikh Fazlollah Nouri, a reactionary mullah, issued an edict calling girls schools to be against Islamic laws. Another cleric published a pamphlet that stated: “Pity the country which has girl schools.”
https://www.facebook.com/missaghi/posts/10152424853177755
https://iranwire.com/fa/news/qom/11529
25 Apr 2014: Ayatollah Jafar Sobhani: Enrollment of large numbers of young women in Iranian universities is inappropriate and ill-advised.
https://www.iranhumanrights.org/2015/02/womenreport-womens-education/
Feb 23, 2015: As Ayatollah Ahmad Jannati, the Chairman of the Guardian Council, the body that vets candidates for political office and approves legislation passed by Parliament, said at Tehran Friday prayers in November 2008, “One of the problems women’s university education has caused for us is that when suitors seek their hand in marriage, perhaps the first question asked is his educational level. …[Women] should know that they are destroying their own lives and the country will also face problems as a result of the increased marriage age,” he said. “Women’s university education has become problematic.”
....
Drawing a direct connection between education and employment opportunities considered undesirable for women, Grand Ayatollah Jafar Sobhani, a leading cleric from Qom, said at a meeting with Payam-e Nour University Chancellor on April 25, 2014, “It is not necessary for all women to attend the university, because this will cause expectations in the employment field, as well.”
In a speech on April 19, 2014, Iran’s Supreme Leader, Ayatollah Seyed Ali Khamenei made it clear that gender-based university admissions were carried out with his full support: “There are some professions that are not commensurate with a woman’s make, so they shouldn’t pursue those. One thing to do is not to impose on women [an] education that leads to those jobs. On the issue of universities and education, some make a lot of noise about discrimination in education; such discrimination is not a bad thing everywhere…this discrimination is justice itself…. [Therefore,] based on those high goals, we must look to see what studies are suitable for women, and make those studies available to them. Just because she participated in the University Entrance Exam, or because she scored a certain score, we must not force her to study a certain major which may not be compatible with her feminine nature, nor compatible with her high goals, and where the jobs she will be offered as a result of these studies are not compatible with her.”
http://www.nafseislam.com/en/Literature/Urdu/Books/download/4147.pdf
http://www.memri.org/report/en/0/0/0/0/0/0/9249.htm
Misbahi went on to quote the Prophet Muhammad as saying: "Do not teach women to write." For this hadith, he cited Al-Mustadrak Lil-Hakim, a book of Islamic jurisprudence published by Darul Kutb Al-Ilmiyya, Beirut. He noted two other books of hadiths certifying this hadith: Shoab-ul-Iman and Sahih Ibn Habban (phonetics).
Misbahi quoted a fatwa of Ahmed Raza Barelvi, the
founder of the Barelvi school of Sunni Islam, which states: "It is
forbidden for women and girls to read and write." The same fatwa further
states: "[Such an act of teaching women] will open the doors of mischief...
And Allah says mischief is worse than murder." Misbahi observed:
"Teaching writing to women is illegitimate and forbidden" and that
doing so would lead to obscenity in society. Justifying this, he quoted the Prophet
Muhammad as saying: "A time will come near the Day of Judgement when women
will be without clothes despite wearing clothes. They will be inclined towards
others and will get others inclined towards them."
Noting that when women learn to write they will open
the floodgates of mischief, Misbahi observed that Ahmed Raza Barelvi's fatwa
against teaching women clarifies that mobile phones cannot be allowed for women
under shari'a. Having delivered his moral judgement on the use of mobile phones
by Muslim women, he then added a disclaimer that the muftis (jurists who
deliver fatwas) should weigh in on this matter, but also noted that while
married women can use mobile phones to talk to "mahram" (related and
permissible) men, it is better for unmarried women not to use mobile phones,
and for any conversation between men and women to be per shari'a. The author
goes on to bar ringtones playing music, songs or anything Islamic.
https://selfscholar.wordpress.com/2013/02/08/female-education-a-view-from-early-islam/
===============
https://twitter.com/AmirTaheri4/status/768394285985169408
24 August 2016:#Ayatollah Sobhani:They tell me more and more #girls want to get jobs, depriving men.Too many women having jobs is danger to Islamic society
https://twitter.com/AmirTaheri4/status/770964499050405890
31 August 2016: QOM-#Ayatollah Sobhani: Sadly,more women now have jobs in Islamic Republic than men.Women working with men,see their chastity injured (sic)
https://twitter.com/AmirTaheri4/status/770965555641720832
31 August 2016: QOM-#Ayatollah Sobhani: Creation of separate universities for men & women is must for #Islam; opposite sexes can't acquire science together.
https://www.alaraby.co.uk/english/society/2017/2/16/cross-dressing-iranian-women-busted-sneaking-into-men-only-football-game
16 Feb 2017: Eight Iranian women who disguised themselves as men to attend a football match despite an official ban were prevented from entering the stadium, an official was quoted as saying on Tuesday. Iran argues that its ban on women attending sporting events in the same stadiums as men is necessary to protect them from rude language that might emanate from the stands.
"Eight girls dressed up as men to try to enter the Azadi stadium" in southwest Tehran on Sunday, the Tasnim news agency reported.
https://iranwire.com/en/images/4462
3 March 2017:
24 August 2016:
https://twitter.com/AmirTaheri4/status/770964499050405890
31 August 2016: QOM-
https://twitter.com/AmirTaheri4/status/770965555641720832
31 August 2016: QOM-#Ayatollah Sobhani: Creation of separate universities for men & women is must for #Islam; opposite sexes can't acquire science together.
https://www.alaraby.co.uk/english/society/2017/2/16/cross-dressing-iranian-women-busted-sneaking-into-men-only-football-game
16 Feb 2017: Eight Iranian women who disguised themselves as men to attend a football match despite an official ban were prevented from entering the stadium, an official was quoted as saying on Tuesday. Iran argues that its ban on women attending sporting events in the same stadiums as men is necessary to protect them from rude language that might emanate from the stands.
"Eight girls dressed up as men to try to enter the Azadi stadium" in southwest Tehran on Sunday, the Tasnim news agency reported.
https://iranwire.com/en/images/4462
3 March 2017:
On March 2, a group of women staged a rally in Mashhad, Iran's second biggest city, to show their support for wearing full hijab. The women marched through the holy city in niqab, which covers not only the head but the face. In Iran, it is compulsory to wear an Islamic headscarf, but it is less common for women to cover their faces completely.
Men, most of them members of the clergy, also took part in the rally, as did children. Girls who participated wore hijab, even though it is not compulsory until puberty.
https://twitter.com/MEMRIReports/status/928144492128899072
May 2017: In Sydney, Australia, Shiite Scholar Taleb Khozaei Says Wife Must Not Leave Home Without Husband's Permission, Must Always Be Available for Sex
https://twitter.com/MEMRIReports/status/928144492128899072
May 2017: In Sydney, Australia, Shiite Scholar Taleb Khozaei Says Wife Must Not Leave Home Without Husband's Permission, Must Always Be Available for Sex
https://selfscholar.wordpress.com/2013/02/08/female-education-a-view-from-early-islam/
ويكره للنساء الحرائر الشباب أن يكون سكناهن في الغرف الشارعات، ويكره لهن تعلم الكتابة، وقراءة الكتب
It is hated for free, young women to live in rooms on the street level, and it is hated for them to learn how to write, or read books.
— Twelver Shi’ite scholar “Sheikh al-Mufid” (d. 413 AH/1022 CE). Ahkam al-Nisaa
.....
Slave women, in classical Sunni Islamic jurisprudence, are also given significantly looser requirements in terms of modesty. They did not need to wear veils, and could display their breasts in public. Essentially, because they were viewed as objects — their masters sought to educate them, in order to sell them at higher prices and make a profit. Therefore, female education did exist — but seemingly often not in the way envisioned. This is also why Sheikh al-Mufid — the Twelver Shia scholar quoted at the beginning of this post — specifies that free women should not be allowed to learn to read or write. Clearly, slave women were exempted.
....
The account of Muhammad prohibiting women from “leaving their rooms” and “learning how to write” also made it into Twelver Shia works of hadith and law — which informed Al-Mufid, above:
علي بن إبراهيم، عن أبيه، عن النوفلي، عن السكوني، عن أبي عبد الله (عليه السلام) قال: قال رسول الله (صلى الله عليه وآله): لا تنزلوا النساء بالغرف ولا تعلموهن الكتابة وعلموهن المغزل وسورة النورJafar al-Sadiq, the sixth Imam, reported that the Messenger of Allah said, “Women should not descend from their rooms, and do not teach them writing. But rather, teach them the spindle, and Surah al-Nur.”— Muhammad ibn Yaqub al-Kulayni (d. 329 AH/940 CE). Al-Kafi
This advice was taken to heart by another Shia scholar:
ويعلمه الخط والسباحة ، ويؤمر بالصلاة لسبع ويفرق بين الصبيان في المضاجع لعشر ، ويعلم القرآن ، والصبية سورة النور لا سورة يوسف ، ولا الخط ، ولا تنزل الغرفBoys should learn writing and swimming, they should be commanded to pray when they are seven, and separated (from females) when they are 10. And, teach them the Koran. As for girls, they should be taught Surah al-Nur, and not Surah Yusuf. And not writing. And they should not descend from their rooms.— Yahya ibn Said al-Hilli (d. 690 AH/1291 CE). Al-Jami lil-Sharai
In their effort to seclude women — some Sunni and Shia scholars (based on a small number of Sunni and Shia hadiths) also prohibited them from learning certain chapters of the Koran. Usually, men were instructed to avoid teaching women Surah Yusuf — because it contained references to the unfaithful wife of “Pharaoh.” And, hence, might give them ideas. Rather, they were told to focus on Surah al-Nur, because it contains the verses related to female modesty, and punishments for adultery.
http://www.shiachat.com/forum/topic/234981080-rape-in-marriage-is-no-crime-says-cleric/?page=2
Legally speaking, there is no reason other than when it is haram on her.
4513 - روى الحسن بن محبوب، عن مالك بن عطية، عن محمد بن مسلم عن أبي جعفر عليه السلام قال: (جاءت امرأة إلى رسول الله صلى الله عليه واله فقالت: يا رسول الله ما حق الزوج على المرأة؟ فقال لها: تطيعه ولا تعصيه، ولا تصدق من بيتها شيئا إلا باذنه، ولا تصوم تطوعا إلا بإذنه، ولا تمنعه نفسها وإن كانت على ظهر قتب ولا تخرج من بيتها إلا بإذنه، فإن خرجت بغير إذنه لعنتها ملائكة السماء وملائكة الارض، وملائكة الغضب، وملائكة الرحمة حتى ترجع إلى بيتها، فقالت: يا رسول الله من أعظم الناس حقا على الرجل؟ قال: والداه، قالت: فمن أعظم الناس حقا على المرأة؟ قال: زوجها، قالت: فمالي من الحق عليه مثل ما له علي؟ قال: لا ولا من كل مائة واحدة، فقالت: والذي بعثك بالحق نبيا لا يملك رقبتي رجل أبدا).
4513 - al-Hasan b. Mahbub narrated from Malik b. `Atiyya from Muhammad b. Muslim from Abu Ja`far عليه السلام. He said: A woman came to the Messenger of Allah صلى الله عليه واله and said: O Messenger of Allah, what is the right of the husband upon the wife? So he said to her: That she obey him and not disobey him, and that she not give any charity from his house except by his permission, and that she not fast voluntarily (i.e. not an obligatory fast) except with his permission, and that she not prevent him from herself even if she is upon the back of a camel saddle (qatab), and that she not leave his house except with his permission, for if she leaves without his permission the angels of the sky and the angels of the earth curse her, and the angels of wrath, and the angels of mercy, until she returns to his house. So she said: O Messenger of Allah, who of mankind has the greatest right upon the man? He said: His parents. She said: So who of mankind has the greatest right upon the woman? He said: Her husband. She said: So is there for me a right upon him like what he has upon me? He said: No, and not (even) one for every hundred. So she said: By the one who has sent you by truth as a prophet, no man will ever own my neck.
http://www.al-islam.org/islamic-family-life-sayyid-akhtar-rizvi/marital-affairs#womans-place-home
A Woman's Place is at Home
However, man has been made guardian of woman, because of his strong physical and intellectual powers and because he is responsible for maintaining her. It is for this reason that the wife is obliged to obey her husband.
The Holy Prophet has said:
The most honoured women before Allah are those who are obedient to their husbands and remain within the boundaries of their homes.
If the women remain within their natural boundary and, by obeying the husband, fulfill the duties imposed upon them by the Creator, they would discharge their responsibilities, and surely would deserve to be called, “The most honoured women.”
The Holy Prophet has said:
The most honoured women before Allah are those who are obedient to their husbands and remain within the boundaries of their homes.
If the women remain within their natural boundary and, by obeying the husband, fulfill the duties imposed upon them by the Creator, they would discharge their responsibilities, and surely would deserve to be called, “The most honoured women.”
....
But, if her arrogance has reached the furthest limit, and she is oblivious of admonition and that subtle protest, then the `soft' treatment will not be of any use. In this extremity, the husband is allowed to beat her. If good-manners fail to awake her gentle feelings, the alternative is `tough' dealing.
But that `tough' dealing also must be tempered with tenderness. al-Imam Muhammad al-Baqir (a.s.) said: “Verily, it is a stroke with a tooth stick.” The shar`ah says that the blow should not be such as to break a bone or to leave red marks or bruises, nor is he allowed to hit her on her face, nor in another place several times.
But that `tough' dealing also must be tempered with tenderness. al-Imam Muhammad al-Baqir (a.s.) said: “Verily, it is a stroke with a tooth stick.” The shar`ah says that the blow should not be such as to break a bone or to leave red marks or bruises, nor is he allowed to hit her on her face, nor in another place several times.
http://urdu.shafaqna.com/UR/13915
امام صادق{ع} فرماتے ہیں: “ایک عورت پیغمبر اکرم {ص} کی خدمت میں حاضر ہوئی، اور عرض کی :عورت پر مرد کا کیا حق ہے؟ آنحضرت{ص} نے فرمایا: مرد کی جنسی خواہشات پوری کرے، حتی کہ اگر عورت اونٹ پر بهی سوار ہو”
امام باقر {ع} نے بهی پیغمبر اسلام {ص} سے نقل کیا ہے کہ آنحضرت{ص} نے عورتوں سے فرمایا: “اپنے مردوں کو مباشرت سے روکنے کے لئے اپنی نمازوں کو طولانی نہ کریں”
ایک دوسری روایت میں امام صادق {ع} عورتوں کے اس عمل اور اس کے نتائج کے بارے میں اشارہ کرتے ہوئے فرماتے ہیں: “جو عورت اپنے شوہر کو بستر خواب میں معطل کرے اور مباشرت کرنے پر راضی نہ ہو، یہاں تک کہ مرد کو نیند آجائے توجب تک مرد نیند کی حالت میں ہوتا ہے، ملائکہ اس عورت پر لعنت بهیجتے ہیں-[3]
http://www.14publications.com/articles/marital-rape-husbands-right/
Sayyid Khamenei was asked a question on the newly asked question of the Farsi section of his site about whether a woman can refuse sexual intercourse until she receives her dowry. He answered by stating: “In general, a woman can refuse sexual intercourse after the marriage contract and before the first instance of sexual intercourse occurs, until her dowry reaches her. But, after sexual intercourse has taken place, even once, she does not have the right to refuse.”
Sayyid Sistani states in Islamic Laws (2421): For a woman with whom permanent marriage is contracted…also she should submit herself to his sexual desires, and should not prevent him from having sexual intercourse with her, without justifiable excuse.” A justifiable excuse would be menstruation, not a headache.
Ayatollah Husayn Mazaheri states in Islamic Family-Life Ethics: “The second right of a husband is the right of intercourse with the wife. In this respect the wife has to be totally obedient to the husband. If she does otherwise, in the view of all the Jurists, she is Nashiza (disobedient).”
Syed Athar Husain S.H. Rizvi states in the book Islamic Marriage states: “The rights of a husband over his wife are numerous. The most important among them is related to having physical relationship with her. The duty of a wife is to submit herself physically before her husband.”
https://www.al-islam.org/completion-argument-maulana-sayyid-saeed-akhtar-rizvi/mutah-temporary-marriage
If a wife is disobedient to her husband, her maintenance is not obligatory on the husband even though she may be a permanent wife. This is a uniform verdict among all the Muslims.
https://www.al-islam.org/a-bundle-of-flowers-sayyid-faqih-imani/wife-and-pleasing-her-husband
Wife And Pleasing Her Husband
Imam al-Baqir (‘a) said: "No intercessor for a woman, on the Reckoning Day, is more effective with Allah than the consent of her husband."
Bihar-ul-Anwar, vol. 81, p. 345
Imam Abi-l-Hasan-ir-Ridha’ (‘a) narrates from Imam Amir ul Mu'mineen ‘Ali (‘a) who said: The best women among you are those who have five qualities."
Amir ul Mu'mineen (‘a) was requested what those five were when he said:
1. She is easy-going, obedient, humble, and economical to her husband.
2. She is good tempered to him.
3. She is cooperative and helpful to him in difficulties.
4. Whenever her husband is angry or depressed, she does not rest until she finds him happy and pleased.
5. When her husband is absent from her, she protects his belongings in his absence.
6. Such a woman is an agent of the agents of Allah and the agent of Allah will not be disappointed, (she gains her correct hopes)."
Al-Kafi, vol. 5, p. 324
Imam as-Sadiq (‘a) said: "Any woman who spends the night while her husband is rightfully angry with her, her prayer is not accepted from her until he becomes pleased with her."
Al-Kafi, vol. 5, p. 507
The Holy Prophet (S) said: "The right of a man upon (his) wife is: lighting the light, preparing food, receiving him at the threshold of the door of the house with pleasant conversation, and avoid refusing to offer herself to him except for the time there is an excuse."
Makarim-ul-Akhlaq, vol. 2, p. 246
The Holy Prophet (S) said: "A woman has not performed the right of Allah, Almighty and Glorious unless she performs the right of her husband."
Mustadrak-ul-Wasa'il-ush Shi'ah, vol. 14, p. 257
Imam al-Baqir (‘a) said: "Once a woman came to the Prophet (S) and said: "O' Messenger of Allah! What is the right of a husband upon his wife?" Then, he answered her: "That she obeys him and does not offend him!"
Wasa'il-ush Shi'ah, vol. 10, p. 527
http://www.hudson.org/research/4669-hold-the-line-on-sharia
http://www.hudson.org/research/4669-hold-the-line-on-sharia
For example, on women’s rights, he declares that a woman cannot be a judge or exercise authority over men, must receive half the inheritance given to a man, must wear a hijab, even against the wishes of her husband though “the matter ends in divorce,” and “cannot leave the house without her husband’s permission.”
If a man agrees in a marriage contract not to marry another woman and yet still does so, the woman still has no right to divorce him, since divorce “is absolutely in the hand of (the) husband.” He adds that, if a divorcing husband is ten years old, then this should be done cautiously, and he also discusses the protocols for divorcing a woman who has not yet reached nine years of age.
He commends temporary marriage, a practice that in Iran has become a euphemism for prostitution. Such a marriage may last only one hour, with a dowry of a “bunch of flowers,” and be recontracted the following day. After it has ended, husband and wife “are as strangers to each other,” and she need not receive any further support even if she became pregnant.
Any marriage of a Muslim to unbelievers “is absolutely forbidden.” It is also an “obligatory precaution” to avoid permanent marriage with “people of the book,” such as Christians and Jews, who have some genuine revelation. However, “there is no objection” to a Muslim man having a temporary marriage with them, though Muslim women are “not allowed to marry a non-Muslim man at all.” If either party leaves Islam, then the marriage is automatically ended, no matter what the spouses wish.
https://islamqa.info/en/83815
https://www.al-islam.org/five-schools-islamic-law-allamah-muhammad-jawad-maghniyyah/determination-maintenance#medical-expenses
https://www.al-islam.org/muta-temporary-marriage-in-islamic-law-sachiko-murata/statutes-muta#inheritance https://islamqa.info/en/83815
https://www.al-islam.org/five-schools-islamic-law-allamah-muhammad-jawad-maghniyyah/determination-maintenance#medical-expenses
we find that the Qur'an makes the wife's food and clothing wajib. The ahadith say: It is for the husband to satiate her hunger and to clothe her. There is no mention of medicine and medical treatment in the Qur'an and the traditions. The legists have limited maintenance to the providing of food, clothing and housing, and have not touched the matter of medical care. On the contrary, some of them have explicitly said that it is not wajib for the husband. In al-Fiqh 'alaal-madhahib al-'arba'ah, it has been narrated from the Hanafis that medicines and fruits are not wajib on the husband during the period of dispute between the couple. In the Imami work al-Jawahir (vol. 5) it is stated: The wife is not entitled to claim from the husband medicine during illness, or the expenses of cupping and bathing except during winter. Al-Sayyid Abu al-Hasan observes in al-Wasilah: If the medicines are of common use and needed for common ailments, such medicines are included in maintenance and are wajib upon the husband; but if the medicines are for difficult cures and uncommon ailments, which require expensive treatment, they are not included in maintenance and it is not the husband's duty to provide them.
https://www.al-islam.org/five-schools-islamic-law-allamah-muhammad-jawad-maghniyyah/stipulation-conditions-wife
According to the Imamiyyah school, if at the time of contract, the woman stipulates such conditions as that the man shall not take another wife, or shall not divorce her. or shall not prohibit her from leaving home whenever she wants and wherever she wants to go, or that the right to divorce will be hers, or that he shall not inherit her, or any other such condition which is against the spirit of the contract, the condition will be considered void and the contract will be valid.1 But if she lays down such conditions as that the man will not make her leave her city, or will keep her in a specific home, or will not take her along on journeys, the contract and the condition are both valid. But if any of these conditions are not met, she does not have the right to dissolve the marriage.
According to the Imamiyyah school, if at the time of contract, the woman stipulates such conditions as that the man shall not take another wife, or shall not divorce her. or shall not prohibit her from leaving home whenever she wants and wherever she wants to go, or that the right to divorce will be hers, or that he shall not inherit her, or any other such condition which is against the spirit of the contract, the condition will be considered void and the contract will be valid.1 But if she lays down such conditions as that the man will not make her leave her city, or will keep her in a specific home, or will not take her along on journeys, the contract and the condition are both valid. But if any of these conditions are not met, she does not have the right to dissolve the marriage.
if a Shi'i husband divorces his Sunni wife according to the principles of her school and not his, the divorce is invalid, and if a Sunni divorces his Shi'i wife according to the principles of his own school, the divorce is valid.
According to the most widely held view, there is no inheritance between husband and wife in mut'a unless it should be specifically mentioned as a condition of the contract. One of the spouses may be named heir to the other, in which case the inheritance is one-sided; or it may be stipulated that if either spouse should die, the other will inherit.
If no such conditions are mentioned, there is no inheritance. According to the Imam Ja'far: ' Among mut'a's statutes is that you do not inherit from the woman, nor does she inherit from you.22
https://www.al-islam.org/muta-temporary-marriage-in-islamic-law-sachiko-murata/statutes-muta
https://www.al-islam.org/muta-temporary-marriage-in-islamic-law-sachiko-murata/statutes-muta
If the woman becomes pregnant such that the pregnancy derives from the period of mut'a, the child belongs to the husband, even if he performed coitus interruptus. This statute applies to every legitimate act of sexual intercourse, not specifically to mut'a, since the principle enunciated in the saying: 'The child belongs to the bed' is of general application.11 Al-Shaykh Muhammad al-Hasan claims consensus on this point.12
However, if the man should deny the child, then it does not belong to him; the 'sworn allegation' required in permanent marriage is not necessary. Al-Shahid al Thani, al-Shaykh al-Ansari and al-Shaykh Muhammad al-Hasan claim consensus on this question. They point out that the 'bed of mut'a', like the 'bed of a slave-girl', does not hold the same high position as the bed of a permanent wife, since a wife by mut'a is a 'rented woman'.13 On this point two hadith have been recorded.14
Mufti Akmal Qadri Attari opposes Javed Ghamdi's moderate position on divorce, and says that 3 divorces happen instantly if a person asks anyone to write 3 divorces to his wife on the divorce paper and even if he has not written these words on the paper. If a husband just signs the divorce paper, 3 divorces happen instantly whether his wife is shown this document or not, whether he had intention to divorce or not.
https://www.al-islam.org/rights-women-islam-ayatullah-murtadha-mutahhari/part-eleven-polygyny#other-conditions-and-possibilities
Islam, by declaring polygyny permissible, did not mean to degrade woman; instead it has done her a great service. If, in case of a proportional excess in the number of women fit and in need of marriage over the number of marriageable men, which always has been and always will be, polygyny is not allowed, women become the lowest plaything of men. The behavior of men towards them becomes worse than towards a slave-girl. The reason for this is that in case of a slave-girl the man honors his undertaking at least in so far as he acknowledges her issue to be his child, while in the matter of a girl-friend, there is not even this much of an idea of any undertaking.
http://www.sistani.org/english/book/48/2349/
"2421. For a woman with whom permanent marriage is contracted, it is haraam to go out of the house without the permission of her husband, though her leaving may not violate the rights of the husband. Also she should submit herself to his sexual desires, and should not prevent him from having sexual intercourse with her, without justifiable excuse. And as long as she does not fail in her duties, it is obligatory on the husband to provide for her food, clothes and housing. And if he does not provide the same, regardless of whether he is able to provide them or not, he remains indebted to the wife.
2422. If the wife does not fulfil her matrimonial duties towards her husband, she will not be entitled for the food, clothes or housing, even if she continues to live with him. But if she refuses to obey occasionally, the common verdict is that even then she cannot claim any entitlement from her husband. But this verdict is a matter of Ishkal. In any case, there is no doubt that she does not forfeit her Mahr."
http://www.sistani.org/english/qa/01166/
Question: A woman, who is not obedient to her husband and does not carry out her matrimonial obligations, had, without his consent, left her matrimonial home and stayed with her parents for seven months. She, then went to a non-Islamic court, filed a divorce application, and demand maintenance and custody of the children. Has such a woman, who has violated her marital duties, any right in anything from her husband?
Answer: The said woman is not entitled to shari'i maintenance. As for her dowry and her right in nursing her offspring for the hawlayn (the two years), it should not be forfeited by virtue of nushouz (recalcitrance of the woman toward her husband).
....Question: Is it necessary that there be two witnesses when the formula of divorce is being recited?
Answer: The presence of two just male witnesses is required; without their presence the divorce would not be in order.
http://islamopediaonline.org/fatwa/ayatollah-makarem-shirazi-declares-convention-elimination-all-forms-discrimination-against-wom
Ayatollah Makarem Shirazi declares the "Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women" adopted in 1979 by the U.N. General Assembly as "against Islam":
Question: The "Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women" [adopted in 1979 by the U.N. General Assembly] asks for a complete equality of men and women. It requires omission of any law that treats women differently, such as blood money or compensation for a tort, stipulated retaliation, witness, inheritance, divorce, etc. Is such equality accepted by Islam?
Answer: No, Islamic scholars have never accepted such equality in Islam. This kind of equality is against Islam.
http://www.shiachat.com/forum/topic/18822-does-a-wife-need-to-follow-her-husband-always/
SAYED SEESTANI
Q: Is the wife, in a temporary marriage obligated like in permanent marriage, to obey her husband in matters such as leaving the house without his permission, or not wearing hijab and the like.
A: it is not obligatory for her to obey her husband in not leaving the house unless her leaving impedes on his rights. As for wearing hijab, it not obligatory for her to obey him even in a permanent marriage.
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SAYED SHIRAZI
Q. My wife goes out without my permission, and from the rights of a man over his wife is that she does not leave the house without his permission, what is the ruling (hukm) regarding my wife's going out.
A. If she is only going out for social relationships which are good (anything that is not contrary to Allah's teachings) then there is no harm
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SAYED FADLALLAH
Q. Is it permissible for a woman to leave her husband's house without his permission. And is it compulsory for a woman to obey her husband and not leave even if it doesn’t stand in the way of his rights according to the Islamic Law (Sharia)?
A. It is not permissible for her to leave his house if it is standing in the way of his right in attaining his full sexual pleasure, other than that it is permissible for her, although from a precautionary recommendation it is better for her not to.
If his full rights and needs are being observed then she does not have to comply, although the precautionary recommendation is that she does obey. But in general, the faithful husband should not resort to such behaviour with his wife because it is contradictory to a cordial relationship
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https://www.al-islam.org/an-overview-of-mahdi-s-government-najimuddin-tabasi/governments#influence-women-governments
https://www.al-islam.org/sv/printpdf/book/export/html/38594
2468. It is recommended to expedite the marriage of a girl when she attains the age of puberty. Imam Ja'far Sadiq (P) is reported to have said that one of the fortunate things for a man is that his daughter does not have menstrual discharge in his house
http://islamopediaonline.org/fatwa/deoband-seminary-answers-question-hannifi-school-law-may-women-be-appointed-judges
Deoband Seminary answers the question: In the Hannifi school of law may women be appointed as judges?
Yes, she can be appointed as judge, but it is makrooh tahrimi, i.e. doing so is near haram. It is mentioned in hadith:
It means that a nation that makes a woman their ruler will never succeed, hence woman should not be appointed as judge.
http://ur.rasanews.ir/detail/news/3584/-100
حضرت آيت الله جوادي آملي نے اپنے بيان کے دوسرے حصے ميں نا محرم نگاہوں کي جانب اشارہ کرتے ہوئے کہا : حرام نگاہ درحقيقت عورت کي بے احترامي ہے اسي سبب کافر عورتوں کي بہ نسبت يہ حرمت موجود نہي ہے اور يہ نگاہ بے لذت ہونے کي صورت ميں گناہ بھي نہي ہے ?
https://twitter.com/PAKsunniNEWS/status/724957184178659329
جس قوم کی بیٹی کو صفا ومروا کےدرمیان بھاگنے کاحکم نہیں کیاوہ گیندکےپیچھے بھاگ سکتی ہے؟ علامہ خادم حسین رضوی صاحب
https://iranwire.com/en/features/250
http://www.wabil.com/browse_categories.php?limit=5&cid=134&page=6
Virgin girl needs her father's permission or her paternal grand father's permission for any type of marriage including Mut'ah marriage. Her mother's permission will not help unless mother represents the father and speaks on his behalf. This must be confirmed by the father that the mother represents him.
https://www.al-islam.org/an-overview-of-mahdi-s-government-najimuddin-tabasi/governments#influence-women-governments
The Influence of Women on Governments
Another problem that is discussed concerning governments during the end of time is the dominance and influence of women, who will either directly rule over the people or subject the rulers under their sway. This subject has various ramifications. In this regard, Hadrat ‘Ali (‘a) said: “A time will come when corrupt and adulterous individuals will live in coquetry and bounty and the ignoble will acquire position and status while the just men will become weak.” It was asked: “When will this period come to pass?” He said: “It is at the time when women and bondswomen take charge of the affairs of the people and youngsters become rulers.”12https://www.al-islam.org/sv/printpdf/book/export/html/38594
2468. It is recommended to expedite the marriage of a girl when she attains the age of puberty. Imam Ja'far Sadiq (P) is reported to have said that one of the fortunate things for a man is that his daughter does not have menstrual discharge in his house
http://islamopediaonline.org/fatwa/deoband-seminary-answers-question-hannifi-school-law-may-women-be-appointed-judges
Deoband Seminary answers the question: In the Hannifi school of law may women be appointed as judges?
Yes, she can be appointed as judge, but it is makrooh tahrimi, i.e. doing so is near haram. It is mentioned in hadith:
It means that a nation that makes a woman their ruler will never succeed, hence woman should not be appointed as judge.
http://ur.rasanews.ir/detail/news/3584/-100
حضرت آيت الله جوادي آملي نے اپنے بيان کے دوسرے حصے ميں نا محرم نگاہوں کي جانب اشارہ کرتے ہوئے کہا : حرام نگاہ درحقيقت عورت کي بے احترامي ہے اسي سبب کافر عورتوں کي بہ نسبت يہ حرمت موجود نہي ہے اور يہ نگاہ بے لذت ہونے کي صورت ميں گناہ بھي نہي ہے ?
https://twitter.com/PAKsunniNEWS/status/724957184178659329
جس قوم کی بیٹی کو صفا ومروا کےدرمیان بھاگنے کاحکم نہیں کیاوہ گیندکےپیچھے بھاگ سکتی ہے؟ علامہ خادم حسین رضوی صاحب
https://iranwire.com/en/features/250
Why is Islam harsher on women than men when it comes to marrying non-Muslims?
When IranWire put this question to the office of Grand Ayatollah Naser Makarem Shirazi, we received the following reply: “Men are less impressionable (especially those living under the Islamic Republic) and when the non-Muslim is weak and has signed a letter of commitment to the Muslim, the man is allowed to marry. But since women are relatively more impressionable, such a marriage is absolutely banned… A women is taught by her husband and the husband must make the wife adopt his religion.”
http://www.wabil.com/browse_categories.php?limit=5&cid=134&page=6
Virgin girl needs her father's permission or her paternal grand father's permission for any type of marriage including Mut'ah marriage. Her mother's permission will not help unless mother represents the father and speaks on his behalf. This must be confirmed by the father that the mother represents him.
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